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Alpha-pinene mitigates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury via anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic effects and favorable eNOS/iNOS shifts in ratsSebin, Saime OzbekGulakar, BasakTanyeli, AyhanGuler, Mustafa CanErbas, ElifBaser, SumeyyeCelebi, DemetAlpha-pineneApoptosisInflammationNOSOxidative stressRenal ischemia–reperfusionAnimalsAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAntioxidantsBicyclic MonoterpenesFemaleKidneyMonoterpenesNitric Oxide Synthase Type IINitric Oxide Synthase Type IIIRatsRats, WistarReperfusion Injurycaspase 3endothelial nitric oxide synthaseimmunoglobulin enhancer binding proteininducible nitric oxide synthaseinterleukin 10interleukin 1betaischemia modified albuminmalonaldehydepineneprotein bcl 2superoxide dismutasetranscription factor Nrf2Acute kidney damage frequently results from renal ischemia–reperfusion (RI/R). Alpha-Pinene (AP), a plant-derived monoterpene, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. We investigated whether AP limits early kidney damage after experimental RI/R. Female Wistar rats (n = 7 per group) were assigned to Sham, RI/R, RI/R + AP 50 mg/kg, or RI/R + AP 100 mg/kg. After 45 min of clamping both renal pedicles, a 24-h reperfusion period ensued. AP (i.p. immediately before reperfusion) was administered immediately before reperfusion. ELISA for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10), oxidative stress markers (MDA, IMA, SOD), and nitric oxide synthase isoforms (iNOS, eNOS). Histopathology (hematoxylin/Mallory's trichrome staining) for structural kidney injury scoring. Immunohistochemistry for apoptosis/autophagy markers (Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, LC3B) and NF-κB p65. In kidney homogenates, RI/R increased IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, IMA, and iNOS and reduced IL-10, SOD, and eNOS compared to Sham. AP counteracted these alterations in a manner proportional to the dose; the 100 mg/kg dose most consistently approached Sham values. Histology showed diffuse vascular congestion/hemorrhage, tubular degeneration, and widening of Bowman's space after RI/R—all ameliorated by AP, with milder lesions at 100 mg/kg. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated lower cleaved caspase-3, LC3B, and NF-κB p65 (trend) with AP, alongside higher Bcl-2, supporting anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects. A single intraperitoneal dose of AP administered immediately before reperfusion mitigated early renal injury after RI/R by improving redox balance, dampening inflammatory signaling, shifting the eNOS/iNOS profile toward endothelial protection, and reducing structural damage. AP merits further study as a potential adjunct to limit I/R–related kidney injury, including longer follow-up with functional renal endpoints and expanded dosing/timing strategies. © 2025 Elsevier LtdElsevier Ltd2026Articlehttps://rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/r/ebyu/10531https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.1086370041-0101enToxiconinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://ebyu-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/tr/items/ebyu/10531