2026-10-19T01:11:16Zhttps://ebyu-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/oai/requestoai:ebyu-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net:ebyu/115692026-10-18T21:13:18Zopenairedrivercom_ebyu_10000col_ebyu_10001Time-varying impact of income and fossil fuel consumption on CO2 emissions in IndiaUgur, Mehmet SedatÇatık, Abdurrahman NazifSigeze, CilerBalli, EsraCarbon emissionsFossil fuel consumptionIndiaTime-varying cointegrationTVP-VAR modelCarbon DioxideCoalEconomic DevelopmentFossil FuelsNatural GasRenewable Energyfossil fuelThis paper investigates the time-varying effects of fossil fuel consumption on CO2 emissions in India utilizing the time-varying cointegration test, allowing for multivariate long-run time-varying cointegration parameter developed by Bierens and Martins (2010) and the time-varying vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model developed by Primiceri (2005). The long-run time-varying coefficients reveal that GDP has a positive and increasing impact on CO2 emissions over time. Moreover, results confirm the polluting effects of all fossil fuels. Besides, the TVP-VAR model findings also demonstrate that changes in income and fossil fuel consumption have a positive and significant impact on environmental degradation. Coal is found to be the most polluting fuel, followed by oil consumption. Furthermore, the time-varying responses show that increased natural gas consumption has the least influence when compared to other fossil fuels on CO2 emissions. © 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.SPRINGER HEIDELBERG2023Articlehttps://rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/r/ebyu/11569https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30806-z1614-7499enEnvironmental science and pollution research internationalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://ebyu-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/tr/items/ebyu/11569