Kiliç, Engin; Güven, Özlem; Baydar, Recep; Karaca, İsmail

Laboratory bioassay studies were conducted to determine the effects of 9 isolates of Beauveria bassiana and one isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae, isolated from the soils in Isparta, Turkey, against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Spodoptera littoralis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Concentrations of 2x10 7 conidia/mL were applied on insects by hand sprayer. All treated insects were incubated at 26±1°C, 70±5% relative humidity for 12 days. All entomopathogenic fungi were infectious to all tested insects but infection rates were different. Isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae showed very low infection rates on B. germanica (3.3-6.7%). Other insects had different mortality rates. H. armigera, S. littoralis and T. molitor had 53.3-73.3%, 56.7-66.7% and 73.3-80.0% infection rates, respectively. As all fungal isolates were not very effective on B. germanica under laboratory conditions but showed effectiveness on other insects.

Önk, Kadir; Topal, Mehmet; Aksakal, Vecihi; Bayram, Bahri

A total number of 947 calving records from 613 Holstein Friesian cows raised at a private dairy farm in Kelkit, Turkey, from 2004 to 2006were used to study the effect of non-genetic factors on calving difficulty and stillbirth rate using CHAID algorithm. The mean calf birthweight was 41.0±0.19 kg. The overall incidence of calving difficulty and stillbirths in the Holstein Friesian herd were 9.1% and 9.4%,respectively. Calf birth weight, birth type and calving season had the greatest impact on calving difficulty. The increase in calf birthweight was associated with a significant increase in calving difficulties (P<0.01). The calving difficulty risk in twins (18.9%) was higherthan in singleton calves (5.0%). The main environmental variables affecting the stillbirth rate were parity number, calf birth weight,sex of calf, calving season and calving difficulty. Parity number was statistically the most relevant factor affecting the stillbirth rate,which was also higher in primiparous (18.7%) than in multiparous cows (5.4%). As the calf birth weight increased, a significant increasewas also in the stillbirth rate (P<0.01). The stillbirth rate in winter (19.7%) was higher than in other seasons (3.6%) (P<0.01). Calvingassistance was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (P<0.05). As a result, calf birth weight, birth type and calving season hadthe greatest impact variables on calving difficulty, however, parity, calf birth weight, sex, calving season and calving difficulty were themost effective variables on stillbirth in Holstein Friesian Cattle.

Kılıç, Nergiz; Özaydın, İsa; Yayla, Sadık; Dağ, Serpil; Kılıç, Engin; Ermutlu, Celal Şahin; Kılıç, Kemal; Peker, Kemal

Bu çalışmada, tavşanlarda deneysel olarak oluşturulan ventral herni modelinde mersilen mesh kullanımına bağlı gelişebilecek peritoneal adezyonların önlenmesinde dimetil sülfoksit ve sinovial sıvı etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada kullanılan 40 tavşan 4 gruba ayrıldı (n: 10). Operasyon xylazin HCI (5mg/kg im) sedasyonunu izleyerek ketamin HCI (20 mg/kg intratekal) ile elde edilen intratekal anestezi altında gerçekleştirildi. Operasyon masasına sırtüstü pozisyonda yatırılan tavşanlara median deri insizyonu yapıldıktan sonra linea alba düzeyinde 2 cm çaplı daire şeklinde bir defekt oluşturuldu. Defekt önceden disk şeklinde hazırlanan mersilen mesh ile onarıldı. Postoperatif 7. güne kadar; I. gruba 10 ml serum fizyolojik (SF) ve 1.5 g/kg DMSO, II. gruba 7 ml SF, 3 ml synovial sıvı (SS) ve 1.5 g/kg DMSO, III. Gruba 7 ml SF ve 3 ml SS, IV. gruba (kontrol: K) ise yalnızca 10 ml SF intraperitoneal olarak uygulandı. Tavşanlara 10. günün sonunda relaparotomi uygulanarak peritoneal adezyon varlığı ve derecesi Jenkins (1983)in görsel yapışıklık skalasına göre değerlendirildi. Çalışmadan elde edilen tüm veriler Minitab-16 paket programı kullanılarak istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Greft uygulanan bölgeye ait doku örnekleri Hematoksilen-Eozin (HE) ve Crossmanın üçlü boyama yöntemi ile boyanarak ışık mikroskobunda değerlendirildi. Nonparametrik olarak değerlendirilen yapışıklık skala sonuçları Kruskal-Wallis testi ile istatistiki olarak hesaplandı ve gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı (P>0.05). Histopatalojik inceleme sonuçları ise tüm gruplarda greftin üzerini örten dokunun fibröz doku karakterinde olduğunu gösterdi. Bununla birlikte fibrozisin DMSO grubunda, ES-DMSO, ES ve SF grubuna göre daha zayıf olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuçta gerek relaparotomik makroskobik bulgular gerekse histopatolojik bulgular dikkate alındığında synovial sıvının tavşanlarda postoperatif peritoneal adezyonların önlenmesinde etkili olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

Kiliç, Kemal; Kiliç, Nergiz; Kiliç, Engin; Yayla, Sadik; Ermutlu, Celal Şahin; Özaydin, Isa; Peker, Kemal; Daǧ, Serpil

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of dimethyl sulfoxide and synovial fluid (SF) in the prevention of peritoneal adhesions that might develop in connection with the use of mersilen mesh in a ventral hernia model created experimentally in rabbits. The forty rabbits used in the study were divided into four groups of ten. The operation was conducted under intrathecal anesthesia induced with ketamine HCl (30 mg/kg intrathecal) following xylazin HCl (5 mg/kg intramuscular) sedation. A median skin incision was made in rabbits placed on the operating table in the supine position. Then, a defect 2 cm in diameter was created on the linea alba. The defect was repaired with mersilen mesh which had been previously prepared in the shape of a disk. Until the 7th day after the operation, group I was given 10 ml saline (S) and 1.5 g/kg DMSO, group II was given 7 ml saline, 3 ml synovial fluid (SF) and 1.5 g/kg DMSO, group III was given 7 ml saline and 3 ml SF while group IV (control: C) was given only 10 ml saline. All of these were administered intraperitoneally. At the end of the 10th day, the presence and extent of peritoneal adhesion was checked using Jenkins' (1983) visual adhesion scale by performing a relaparotomy. All of the data obtained from the study was analyzed statistically using the Minitab-16 package program. Tissue samples from the region where the graft was performed were evaluated under a light microscope by staining them with the Hematoxilen-Eosin (HE) and Crossman triple stain method. The results of the adhesion scale were evaluated nonparametrically and statistical calculations were performed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. No statistical difference was found between the groups (P>0.05). The results of histopathological examination revealed that the tissue which covered the graft in all of the groups was fibrous tissue. However, it was determined that the fibrosis was weaker in the DMSO group than it was in the SF-DMSO, SF and S groups. In the end, it was concluded that synovial fluid is effective in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rabbits in light of both relaparotomic, macroscopic findings and histopathological findings.

Aydin, Merve; Adiyaman, Gulcan; Kaya, Tugba; Kustimur, Semra; Dogrduman, Funda A. L.

In parasitological examination of stool, permanent staining methods are preferred because they enable stool preparations be examined afterwards and they define internal structures of protozoons, besides showing higher sensitivity compared to native-lugol examination. Trichrome staining method is frequently used as permanent staining method. Conventional trichrome staining is multiple-stage, preparation and application is troublesome, but there are commercial trichrome products prepared in a short time, having fewer stages and solutions of which are brought into use in kit. This study is carried out for comparing conventional and commercial trichrome staining methods in detection of protozoan in the stool. 155 stool samples sent for parasitical examination are stained with conventional and commercial (PARAPAK (R), ECOSTAIN, Meridian Bioscience, Inc, USA) trichrome stain and examined microbiologically; both methods are evaluated in terms of staining quality based on detection of protozoons, the number of protozoons detected in each area and having typical morphological features of protozoons. The difference between conventional and commercial methods in detection of protozoan is not statistically significant (P=0.752). Besides, the sensitivity of commercial trichrome staining method is 78.2% compared to conventional method, specificity is 99.2%. Although no statistically significant differences are detected between two methods as to number of parasites in each area (P=0.545), when they are compared with respect to having morphological features of protozoons, statistically significant difference is detected (P=0.008).

Adıyaman, Gülcan; Doğruman Al, Funda; Kaya, Tuğba; Kuştimur, Semra; Aydın, Merve

Dışkının parazitolojik incelemesinde kalıcı boyama yöntemleri nativ-lugol incelemeye göre daha yüksek duyarlılık göstermesinin yanında, hazırlanan dışkı preparatlarının daha sonra incelenebilmesine olanak sağlaması ve protozoonların iç yapılarını tanımlanması nedeniyle tercih edilmektedir. Kalıcı boyama yöntemi olarak en sık trikrom boyama yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Laboratuvarda hazırlanan konvansiyonel trikrom boyama çok basamaklı, hazırlaması ve uygulanması zahmetli olup, kısa sürede yapılan, az basamak içeren ve solüsyonları kit içerisinde hazır olarak kullanıma sunulan ticari trikrom ürünleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma dışkıda protozoonların saptanmasında konvansiyonel ve ticari trikrom boyama yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Parazit incelemesi amacıyla gönderilen 155 dışkı örneği konvansiyonel ve ticari (PARAPAK®, ECOSTAİN, Meridian Bioscience, Inc, USA) trikrom boyası ile boyanarak mikroskobik olarak incelenmiş ve her iki yöntem protozoonları saptama, her alanda görülen protozoon sayısı ve protozoonların tipik morfolojik özelliklerini göstermesine dayalı boyama kalitesi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; protozoonların saptanmasında konvansiyonel ve ticari yöntemler arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır (P=0.752). Bununla birlikte ticari trikrom boyama yönteminin konvansiyonel trikrom yöntemine göre duyarlılığı %78.2, özgüllüğü ise %99.2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Her alanda görülen parazit sayısı açısından iki yöntem arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmamasına rağmen (P=0.545), protozoonun tipik morfolojik özelliklerini göstermesi açısından yöntemler karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel fark anlamlı olarak tespit edilmiştir (P=0.008)