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- ArticleAçık Erişim2026Assessment of Low-Temperature Fracture Behavior in Bituminous Mixtures Incorporating Sustainable Waste Additives: SCB Testing and Finite Element Analysis
Keleş, Ömer Faruk; Çolak, Muhammed Ali; Demiriz, Ahmet Oğuz; Baş, Fatih İrfan
In this study, the combined effect of waste lubricating oil (WLO) and waste pine branch ash (WPBA) was investigated to improve the low-temperature fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures. To investigate the low-temperature fracture behavior of the mixtures containing 2%–6% WLO and 3%–12% WPBA, the semi-circular bending (SCB) test was conducted at −15 °C, and the experimental results were analyzed using a statistical approach. Fracture toughness (K(IC)), total fracture energy (GF) and its pre-peak and post-peak components, crack resistance index (CRI), flexibility index (FI), and toughness index (TI) were determined. The findings indicate that the optimal combination depends on the fracture parameter under consideration. The best fracture toughness results, K(IC) = 24.96 MPa·mm0.5, indicating increased resistance to crack initiation, was obtained at 4% WLO and 12% WPBA content. On the other hand, the best fracture energy results, GF = 1.202 N/mm, reflecting an increase in energy dissipation during crack propagation, was obtained at 4% WLO and 9% WPBA content. The highest FI, CRI, and TI values were obtained with 6% WLO and 9% WPBA, corresponding to increases of approximately 66%, 69%, and 16%, respectively, compared with the reference mixture. This resulted in greater crack-initiation resistance, improved post-peak deformation capacity, and higher energy-dissipation capacity, although the greater WLO content led to a decrease in structural integrity. When the results are evaluated overall, it is understood that the use of WLO in the mixtures increases deformation capacity, while the use of WPBA controls crack propagation through its hardening and filling effects. In mixtures containing 4% WLO and 9%–12% WPBA, a balanced behavior was achieved in terms of crack initiation, crack propagation, and stiffness under low-temperature conditions.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Investigating the effects of glass fiber in enhancing concrete pavement performance
Baş, Fatih İrfan
Flexible pavements are considered more sustainable than concrete pavements primarily due to the higher long-term maintenance and rehabilitation costs associated with concrete pavements. Concrete pavements possess a higher modulus of elasticity, which allows them to distribute vehicle loads over a larger area, thereby enhancing the strength of the pavement. However, despite this advantage, their flexural strength is relatively low. As a result, there has been a growing focus on research to improve the flexural strength of concrete pavements to increase their overall performance and sustainability. This study aimed to reveal the effects of enhanced mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with glass fiber on concrete pavements, specifically under heavy vehicle loading as in real-world conditions. The impact of glass fiber on the thickness of both the concrete and base layers, as well as the quality of the base layer material and transverse joint spacing, was assessed. For this purpose, 3D finite element models were developed using ANSYS software, considering concrete thicknesses of 100, 150, and 200 mm, glass fiber ratios of 0%, 0.5%, and 1%, base layer elastic moduli of 100, 200, and 300 MPa, and transverse joint spacings of 300, 450, and 600 mm. It was determined that the concrete thickness and the base layer modulus of elasticity were the most influential factors in minimizing flexural stress, total deformation, and equivalent total strain. The glass fiber addition had a more notable impact on maximum principal stress, especially at the 1% ratio, but had a minimal effect on total deformation and strain. Transverse joint spacing had the least effect, although shorter spacings are still recommended to reduce the risk of transverse cracking in stiffer base layers.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Optimizing Bitumen Performance in Warm Mix Asphalt Using Cecabase RT BIO10: A Taguchi-Based Experimental Approach
Çakı, Mustafa; Baş, Fatih İrfan
Flexible pavements stand out as the most commonly used worldwide, compared to rigid and composite pavements, owing to their versatility and widespread application. The use of hot mix asphalt (HMA) in flexible pavements causes significant environmental concerns due to high CO2 emissions and energy consumption, whereas warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies have gained popularity in recent decades, offering a more sustainable alternative by enabling asphalt production at lower temperatures. WMA technologies can be categorized into three main groups: foaming, organic additives, and chemical additives, with each offering distinct benefits for performance and environmental impact. One of the chemical additives used in WMA production is Cecabase RT BIO10. In this study, virgin bitumen with 50/70 penetration was modified by adding Cecabase RT BIO10 at four levels: 0%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% by weight. The experimental design employed a Taguchi L16 orthogonal array to systematically evaluate the effects of various factors on modified bitumen performance. Binders were prepared at four temperatures (110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, and 140 °C), four mixing durations (15, 20, 25, and 30 min), and four mixing speeds (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 rpm), enabling an efficient analysis of each parameter’s impact. The prepared binders were subjected to a series of tests, including penetration, softening point, flash point, rotational thin film oven test (RTFOT), elastic recovery, Marshall stability, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and FTIR analysis. These tests were conducted to investigate the effects of various parameters and levels on the binder properties. Additionally, stiffness and seismic modules were evaluated to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the binder’s performance. The experiment results revealed that the penetration, elastic recovery percentage, and Marshall stability increased with increasing additive content while the softening point and RTFOT mass loss decreased. At a high service temperature of 40 °C, the stiffness modulus of the modified bitumen decreased slightly. At a low service temperature of −10 °C, it decreased further. Additionally, the incorporation of Cecabase RT BIO10 led to an increase in the seismic modulus. Through optimization using the Taguchi method, the optimal levels were determined to be a 0.4% Cecabase RT BIO10 ratio, 140 °C mixing temperature, 30 min mixing time, and 1000 RPM mixing speed. The optimal responses for each test were identified and integrated into a unified optimal response, resulting in a comprehensive design guide with 95% confidence level estimates for all possible level combinations.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2025Traffic Impact Analysis of a Regional Shopping Center Using Microsimulation with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach
Bayata, Halim Ferit; Baş, Fatih İrfan; Mengi, Gamze Şeyda
In today’s modern city life, shopping centers have become a part of the urban identity. Erzincanpark Shopping Center, which was put into service at the city’s western entrance in 2022 in Erzincan, created an additional traffic volume causing inadequacies and accidents in urban transportation. This study aimed to identify these problems and inadequacies and develop possible solutions and suggestions. To examine the importance of coordination between junctions, traffic flow, and phase arrangements, Erzincanpark was chosen as the study area, and the junctions on Halitpasa Street were examined. The study used the traffic impact analysis method to examine traffic counts at junctions, signal optimization, travel time, queue length, delay, CO2, NOx, VOC emissions, and fuel consumption values. The study results showed that Yildiz and Nedim Muratoglu junctions should be modern roundabouts to ensure the optimum situation. Furthermore, it was determined that there was no change in the parameters studied in the design of Ergan Junction in 3 different ways: signaled, 4-way (without an island), and modern roundabout. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), one of the multi-criteria decision- approaches, was used to find the feasible result, considering safety and construction costs.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2025Appropriate Intersection Design Type Based on TOPSIS Multiple Criteria Decision Method with AIMSUN Mesoscopic Simulation
Bayata, Halim Ferit; Baş, Fatih İrfan; Demircioğlu, Muhammed Sami; Çolak, Muhammed Ali
The increasing world population has also increased the demand for vehicles and brought along various problems such as traffic delays, accidents, and air pollution. In addition, the increase in the number of vehicles causes an increase in the time spent at intersections, negatively affecting people’s quality of life, distracting drivers, and unsafe driving practices. Moreover, greenhouse gas emissions, including CO2 and NOx from vehicles, cause climate change and deterioration of air quality. To solve these problems, in this study, seven signalized intersections on a corridor in the city center of Erzincan province were examined. Using the Aimsun traffic simulation program, factors such as CO2, VOC, NOx emissions, queue length, delay time, travel time, and speed were evaluated. Using one of the multiple criteria decision methods, the TOPSIS method, the ideal scenario was determined based on the simulation results, considering the construction costs. The study revealed significant improvements in several parameters. CO2 emissions were reduced by 10%, delay time by 35%, VOC emissions by 14%, NOx emissions by 13%, queue length by 35%, delay by 38%, and travel by 19%. Furthermore, the speed was increased by 15%.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Prediction of Pedestrian Traffic Accident Severity and Evaluation of Driver and Pedestrian Faults
Baş, Fatih İrfan
This study investigated pedestrians involved traffic accidents with the aim of classifying the severity of accidents based on the number of injured pedestrians using machine learning algorithms, including AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Logistic Regression, Support Vector Classifier, Decision Tree, and Random Forest. The Random Forest model was identified as the best model for classifying pedestrian-involved traffic accidents, achieving high predictive accuracy of 95%, an F1 score of 0.95, and demonstrating low error metrics. The research analyzed both driver and pedestrian faults, alongside factors such as the presence of pedestrian crossings, intersection type, driver age, time of day, month and seasonal variations. The results revealed that accidents at locations without intersections were primarily caused by driver faults, such as speeding, while pedestrian faults, such as crossing at unintended locations, also significantly contribute to the overall accident rate. The findings offered valuable insights into the characteristics of pedestrian accidents to improve traffic safety and reduce pedestrian injuries and fatalities.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2025Fracture behavior of warm mix asphalt mixtures incorporating Cecabase and recycled concrete aggregate: An experimental and numerical assessment
Çolak, Muhammed Ali; Keleş, Ömer Faruk; Baş, Fatih İrfan; Demi̇ri̇z, Ahmet Oğuz
This study investigates the fracture performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures modified with Cecabase RT BIO10 and various recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) proportions using laboratory tests and finite element modeling. Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) tests at –15 °C under Mode I loading were performed to measure fracture toughness (KIC), fracture energy (GF, pre-peak and post-peak), stiffness, and flexibility indices. Unlike many prior studies relying on a single approach, fracture toughness was calculated through all major analytical methods and validated with ANSYS finite element simulations. Results showed that increasing Cecabase content notably improved fracture resistance, while higher RCA levels reduced mechanical properties due to the porous nature of RCA. Fracture energy analysis indicated that post-peak deformation parameters correlated more strongly with GF than stiffness indices, highlighting the importance of ductility in asphalt performance. Correlation analyses revealed tensile strength (TS) and tensile stiffness index (TSI) largely evolve independently from post-peak flexibility indicators such as flexibility index (FI), toughness index (TI), and crack resistance index (CRI). Among mixtures tested, the combination of 0.50 % Cecabase and 10 % RCA exhibited the most balanced performance with high TSI, TS, and GF values. These findings emphasize the need to optimize both additive and RCA content to enhance WMA mixtures’ mechanical integrity and sustainability. The proposed approach offers a practical and environmentally friendly framework for designing durable asphalt mixtures suited to low-temperature pavements.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Enhancing the performance of bituminous hot mix pavements with graphene nanoplatelet additive using taguchi optimization
Işık, Suna; Baş, Fatih İrfan
Flexible pavement, where bitumen serves as the binding material, is the most widely used type of pavement due to its many advantages. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements are often selected for their ability to create safe, comfortable, cost-effective, and sustainable roadways. However, HMA pavements deteriorate due to traffic, climatic conditions, and environmental influences. To improve their resistance to these challenges, bitumen is modified with various additives. This study utilized graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) to modify bitumen due to its strength, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Based on the experimental plan established by the Taguchi method, 16 different mixtures were prepared using four parameters, each with four levels: GNP rates of 0 %, 0.35 %, 0.70 %, and 1 %; mixing temperatures of 145°C, 160°C, 175°C, and 190°C; mixing times of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min; and mixing speeds of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 rpm. A comprehensive set of tests, including penetration, softening point, flash point, elastic recovery, rotational thin film oven test (RTFOT), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Marshall design experiments, were conducted on the mixtures to evaluate the influence of the selected parameters and levels on the properties of bitumen. The bitumen's temperature susceptibility and stiffness modulus were analyzed, providing insights into its behavior under varying temperature conditions. The results of the study indicated that the GNP additive led to a reduction in the RTFOT mass loss and softening point of pure bitumen, while increasing the penetration, flash point, elastic recovery, and Marshall stability. The multiple response performance index (MRPI) optimizations identified the optimal levels as a GNP rate of 0.70 %, a mixing temperature of 145°C, a mixing time of 15 min, and a mixing speed of 2000 rpm. GNP contributed to reduced energy consumption and ecological advantages by lowering the optimal mixing temperature to 145°C. It reduced the plastic deformation at high temperatures and improved low-temperature cracking behavior by decreasing the temperature sensitivity of bitumen.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Investigating the usability of kevlar and steel fibers as a hybrid in concrete pavements
Mola, Erhan; Bayrak, Osman Ünsal; Baş, Fatih İrfan; Bayata, Halim Ferit
In this study, the hybrid usage of Kevlar and steel fiber in concrete pavements was investigated. For this purpose, the concrete was designed using the water/binder ratio (0.40, 0.45, 0.50), silica fume (instead of cement 0, 5, 10%), Kevlar fiber (0 gr/m3, 500 gr/m3, 1000 gr/m3) and steel fiber (0 gr/m3, 500 gr/m3, 1000 gr/m3). Taguchi method was used as the experimental design, and optimum levels of parameters were determined for 28-days compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness. According to the experiments and observations, the positive effect of Kevlar fiber upon energy absorption capacity (toughness), compressive and flexural strength of concrete was determined. Using only Kevlar fiber increasing up to 5.1% in compressive strength and up to 14.5% in flexural strength were observed. Considering the obtained results, Kevlar was noticed as a possible recycling material to be introduced into the economy by adding concrete.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2023Investigation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Bitumen Modified with Waste Vegetable Oil and Waste Agricultural Ash for Use in Flexible Pavements
Çolak, Muhammed Ali; Zorlu, Elif; Çodur, Muhammed Yasin; Baş, Fatih İrfan; Yalçın, Özgen; Kuşkapan, Emre
The rapid growth of the world population and the rapid diversification of consumption habits due to technological advancements have increased waste production. An investigation of the effects of biomass products, such as waste vegetable oil and waste agricultural ash, on bitumen’s physical and chemical properties was conducted in this study. By recycling biomass products, this study aimed to improve the performance and stability of bituminous hot mixtures, optimize the number of additives, and create more economical designs. Using the Taguchi method, 0%, 2%, 4% by weight of waste vegetable oil and 0%, 3%, and 6% by weight of waste agricultural ash were added to 70/100 penetration pure bitumen with an orthogonal array of L9. For 10, 20, and 30 min, modified bitumen samples were prepared at 170 °C, 180 °C, and 190 °C with a constant mixing speed of 3000 RPM. The samples were tested for penetration, softening point, flash point, rolling thin film oven (RTFOT), FTIR, and Marshall Design stability and flow. Based on the obtained performance statistics, 95% confidence levels were assigned to the predictions. The stability and softening point values decreased as the oil content increased, while flash and penetration values increased. With increasing ash content, stability, flash, and softening point values increased, and penetration values decreased. Compared to oil and ash additives, mixing temperature and time had relatively little effect on the modification process. Overall, the optimum parameter levels were 4% for oil, 0% for ash, 170 °C for temperature, and 10 min for time.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2022A Practical Design Guide for Unbonded Jointed Plain Concrete Roads over Deteriorated HMA Roads: Realistic Traffic Loading
Baş, Fatih İrfan; Bayrak, Osman Ünsal; Bayata, Halim Ferit
This study aimed to determine the material properties and the thickness of the layers of an unbonded jointed plain concrete pavement design over a deteriorated flexible pavement that lost its service capability. Maximum principal stresses occurring under the concrete pavement should not exceed the modulus of rupture of the concrete. Three-dimensional finite element analyses using ANSYS (Release 18.1 SAS IP, Inc.) software were carried out with the Taguchi method. The most reliable solution for the pavement design was investigated with whole configuration axle loading that reflects the realistic traffic situation. The stress values under the concrete slab due to the positive temperature gradient neglected in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) method were also investigated. The concrete slabs are exposed to these stresses for longer than the axle loads. Temperature distributions throughout the thickness of the concrete slab were calculated with the bilinear formulas suggested in the study. Axle loadings were applied on both the pavement edge and corner to reflect the most critical loading condition in the pavement design. The critical axle type was found to be 1.2. It was observed that a 0.15 m concrete thickness was appropriate for the concrete class, joint spacing and hot mix asphalt (HMA) elasticity modulus levels used for the 1.22, 1.122, and 1.2 + 111 axle types, but it was not appropriate for the 1.2 axle types. The slab thicknesses calculated with the AASHTO method, and the finite element method were found to be close to each other. It was determined that the concrete thickness significantly affected the maximum principal stress, with a performance statistic (S/N) value of 1692 for the 1.2 axle type. This was followed by the modulus of elasticity of the concrete with an S/N value of 0.356, the modulus of elasticity of the existing flexible pavement with an S/N value of 0.244, and the concrete joint spacing with an S/N value of 0.105. A practical design guide was recommended to extend the service life of a highly deteriorated flexible pavement with the construction of unbonded jointed plain concrete.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2021Analysis of car park etudes with different statistical methods and modeling with GIS: Erzincan province case; [Otopark etütlerinin farklı istatistiksel yöntemler ile analizi ve CBS ile modellenmesi: Erzincan ili örneği]
Mazlum, Yusuf; Bayata, Halim Ferit; Baş, Fatih İrfan; Çolak, Muhammet Ali; Bayrak, Ünsal
Rapidly changing lifestyles, rising expectations, and increased private vehicle ownership have caused increases in the number of urban trips. All these changes that have appeared in time have made the parking requirement more important every day. Parking surveys have been required to determine what actions to be taken leadingly during the location selection and building processes of the parking areas to be built. The failure on planning parking areas correctly reveals environmental and economic problems as well as social problems. In this study, parking surveys were carried out primarily in order to determine location, types and capacities of existing car parks. The capacity and locations of the new parking areas have been determined considering five-year traffic increases. The points where parking needs were most needed were determined counting the vehicles parked at 44 separate on-road parking areas in the city center of Erzincan, where parking fees are charged by the municipality. In determined parking areas, statistical analyses were performed with spatial analysis outputs, artificial neural networks and time series analysis methods counting the vehicles parked regularly during daylight hours for one year. Solutions were offered to reduce parking load in traffic identifying new correctly located car parking areas in Erzincan city center. In the light of the analysis results, the location and capacities of the new parking areas suggested to be built identifying 6 different points in the city center were determined. In conclusion, an additional 1420-vehicle parking capacity in suggested new parking spaces was proposed as a solution-oriented approach for the parking problem in the city center.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2019Yorgunluk ve Uykusuzluğun Sürücü Davranışları Üzerine Etkisi
Gökdağ, Mahir; Baş, Fatih İrfan
Trafik kazalarında insan faktörü, en önemli unsur olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Araç kullananların, yolcuların ve yayaların ölüm ve yaralanmalarındaki kusur payının %99’a ulaştığı istatiksel olarak ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu durum trafik kazalarındaki sürücü, yaya ve yolcu olarak insan davranışlarının incelenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yorgunluk ve uykusuzluğun sürücülerin davranışları üzerinde oluşturduğu etki araştırılmıştır. Araç kullanma ve dinlenme sürelerinin yasal düzenlemeler ile belirlenmiş olması bile araç sürücülerinin yeterince hassasiyet göstermesini sağlayamamaktadır. Bu durum ise sürücülerin, mola veya varış noktalarına kadar araçlarını kullanmalarına, dolayısıyla uyku ve yorgunluk nedenli kazaya karışma ihtimallerini artırmaktadır. Trafik kazalarının ölümcül sonuçları göz önünde bulundurularak, önlenebilmesi ve azaltılabilmesi için öneriler getirilmiştir.
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