Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
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- ArticleYalnız künye2026Monitoring of the compatibility between the radon gas emanation and the self-compacting concrete properties using different mineral admixture
Bulut, H. Alperen; Şahin, Remzi
The relationships between radon gas emanation, permeability, and compressive strength in Self-Compacting Concretes containing different ratios of fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (respectively of 5%, 12.5%, and 20%) were comprehensively investigated. Permeability tests were performed according to both traditional (sorptivity) and indirect (rapid chloride ion permeability) methods, and the relationship between Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses and radon concentration of self-compacting concretes was also analysed. Based on 120-day data, the optimum ratios for the combination of high compressive strength and low Average Radon Activity Concentration were determined to be 5% fly ash and 20% silica fume. As the sorptivity coefficients of self-compacting concretes containing silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag increased, the Average Radon Activity Concentration also increased. This later decreased with the increase in the sorptivity coefficient of the mixtures. The rapid chloride ion permeability of the control, fly ash-, ground granulated blast furnace slag-, and silica fume-added concrete was found to be 6077 Coulomb, 2989 Coulomb, 1668 Coulomb, and 1137 Coulomb, respectively. The relationship between rapid chloride ion permeability and Average Radon Activity Concentration of the mixtures varied depending on the type of mineral additive. The 90-day sample containing 12.5% fly ash had the highest Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (33.01 m2/g) and cumulative pore volume (0.071 cm3/g) values. This study provides a novel perspective by simultaneously examining the relationships between radon activity concentration, permeability properties, and compressive strength of self-compacting concretes produced with different mineral additives. Unlike previous studies, this work establishes direct correlations between radon emanation and both sorptivity and chloride ion permeability, identifying silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag as effective additives for achieving low-permeability and low-radiation concrete. These findings offer a new approach for developing durable and radiologically safer self-compacting concrete mixtures.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026Experimental evaluation of reinforced concrete columns produced with natural perlite aggregates under cyclic loading
Atlı, Sefa; Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Ayaz, Yaşar; Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Bulut, H. Alperen; Naimi, Sepanta
A total of four reinforced concrete (RC) columns were tested to compare the structural capacities of RC columns produced by natural perlite aggregates and conventional concrete. The structural performance of the RC columns made from natural perlite aggregates was compared to conventional RC columns regarding the same concrete strength levels, sectional properties, and reinforcement layouts of conventional RC columns. The RC columns were tested under a combined constant axial load ratio of 30% with cyclic loading for two concrete strength levels, namely, 25 and 40 MPa. Load–displacement curves, energy absorption capacities, stiffness degradation, the moment-curvature relationship, the plastic hinge mechanism, and the ductility index were experimentally obtained at two different concrete types along with the measured stress–strain properties of the conventional and perlite concrete. The test results showed that the construction of the RC columns using only perlite may become possible in the future by providing an adequate concrete stress–strain capacity, which will be improved. Additionally, the use of natural perlite aggregates can contribute to sustainable construction practices by reducing the reliance on conventional aggregates.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Investigation of freeze-thaw performance for sustainable rubberized concrete composites with different water to cement ratios
Bulut, H. Alperen; Kandil, U.
This research aimed to evaluate the freeze-thaw performance of waste rubber substituted concretes with two different water/cement ratios. Different ratios of waste rubber were used in concrete by substituting fine and coarse aggregates. The weight and compressive strength losses of rubberized concrete and control concretes subjected to freeze-thaw were experimentally examined. The changes in the microstructure of the concrete were analyzed by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Furthermore, ANOVA was used to test the significance of the selected parameters statistically. The control concrete with a 0.5 water/cement ratio had eight times higher mass loss compared to the rubberized concrete. The SEM analysis results were consistent with the freeze-thaw test results. ANOVA that the waste rubber substitution ratio had a significant effect on the freeze-thaw performance of rubberized concrete. Water/cement ratio, together with the waste rubber substitution ratio, is an effective parameter on the freeze-thaw resistance of rubberized concrete.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2025A new approach for lightweight polymer concrete production: Determination of the influence of resin and perlite types on the mechanical performance of polymer concrete
Ciminli, Ahmet Taha; Bulut, H. Alperen
The interest in perlite is increasing significantly in the construction sector in terms of both energy and material in the construction of efficient buildings. This interest arises from the growing demand for environmentally friendly building materials that can mitigate the environmental impact of high cement production. In order for polymer concretes, which have many advantages over traditional concrete, to help reduce damages under earthquake loads and reduce costs, lightweight polymer concrete production should be done using lightweight aggregates. In this study, a new approach for lightweight polymer concrete production was presented for the first time, and the aim was to determine the effect of the compatibility of natural perlite and expanded perlite aggregates with polyester and vinylester resins on the mechanical performance of polymer concrete. For this purpose, natural and expanded perlites were used as fine aggregate in polymer concretes instead of quartz aggregate at the ratios of 0 %, 5 %, and 10 %. As binder materials, unsaturated polyester resin and vinylester resin were selected. Fresh density, compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), modulus of elasticity, and toughness tests were performed on polymer concretes after 7, 28, and 90 days. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were performed to investigate the changes in the microstructure of the polymer concretes. The compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength results of polyester resin polymer concretes produced with 5 % natural perlite aggregate were higher than the control concrete. Very high correlations were found between the strength results of polymer concretes and UPV values for all days. Modulus of elasticity and toughness values of vinylester resin polymer concretes with natural perlite aggregate were higher than those of polyester resin polymer concretes. SEM analysis results and experimental results were consistent with each other. Considering all the experimental results, it was revealed that the ideal perlite type and ratio is 5 % natural perlite aggregate. Unlike the literature, and in a unique way, lightweight polymer concretes with high mechanical performance polyester/vinylester resin, especially with natural perlite aggregate, could be produced with a much lower resin ratio (15 %). Thanks to perlite, more sustainable, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient lightweight polymer concretes can be produced, offering alternative solutions to traditional construction materials.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Effect of natural perlite on mechanical properties of light-weight aggregate composites by alkali-silica reaction
Bulut, H. Alperen
This study was performed in order to examine the behavior of natural perlite aggregate composites against durability problems caused by alkali silica reaction (ASR). Mortars containing 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% natural perlite were subjected to the ASR test. Mechanical tests were also performed on mortar samples. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyzes were also applied. The expansion value of the 25% natural perlite substituted mortar with the highest ASR expansion increased by 145% as compared with the control mortar. When the natural perlite ratio increased from 25% to 100%, the expansion values decreased dramatically. 5% natural perlite substituted mortar had the highest compressive and flexural strengths. The SEM analysis results were obtained to be consistent with the ASR expansion results. Experimental results proved that mortars produced from 100% natural perlite can be used effectively to reduce the durability problems caused by ASR.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024The Effect of Different Proportions of Waste Rubber Substitution on Alkali-Silica Reaction and Mechanical Properties in Mortars
Kandil, Ufuk; Bulut, H. Alperen
This study investigates the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and mechanical properties of mortars containing crumb and powder rubber instead of river sand. In this regard, mortars were produced using waste rubber whose ratios in the mixture are 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18%, and 21%. ASR expansion, compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted on the samples. ASR measurements were performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Besides, at the end of the ASR experiment, the microstructures of the mortars were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Examining the results of this study reveals that the use of waste rubber in rising portions in the mortars led to an increase in the ASR expansions of the mortars. The study shows that the ASR expansions of the mortar samples that have 9% and 15% waste rubber replacement are comparatively higher than the other mortar samples. Furthermore, the results of the SEM analysis verified this finding. The study demonstrates that 3% of waste rubber mortar samples have the highest compressive and flexural strengths. On the other side, the ASR expansion of the mortars with 3% substituted waste rubber was considerably low compared to other mortars containing waste rubber. These findings (ASR, compressive and flexural strength tests results) show that using 3% waste rubber is ideal for producing mortars and supports a sustainable production approach in the sector.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024Examination of mechanical, permeability, and durability properties of sustainable lightweight concrete composites with natural perlite aggregate
Bulut, H. Alperen
This article presents the outcomes of a comprehensive study utilizing all-natural perlite in producing lightweight aggregate concrete composites and investigating the mechanical, permeability, and durability properties. With this aim, lightweight concrete composites were produced using 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% of natural perlite aggregate in concrete production. In addition to fresh density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), dynamic modulus of elasticity, capillary absorption, electrical resistivity, acid and sulfate attack tests were carried out on 28–56–90-day-ϖold concretes. Accordingly, the highest compressive strength value was obtained after 90 days using 10% natural perlite (62.42 MPa for NP10/90). In terms of UPV values, concretes with natural perlite were able to produce good or excellent class concretes. The experimental results indicated that the increase in the dynamic modulus of elasticity of concretes cured for 90 days (35 GPa for NP100/90) can be up to 14% compared to concretes cured for 28 days (30.7 GPa for NP100/28). Capillary absorption coefficients decreased in all concretes at advanced ages. The electrical resistivity value of concrete with 100% natural perlite (139.75 kΩ-m for NP100/90) was 140% higher than the control concrete (58.14 kΩ-m for C/90). It was observed that insulating concrete could be produced with an increase in the use of natural perlite at advanced ages. It was determined that concretes with 75% and 100% natural perlite exhibited high resistance against acid and sulfate attacks. The 30% perlite ratio was the critical ratio against aggressive solutions. In line with the aim of the study, it has been proved that lightweight concretes with a high natural perlite dosage can be produced in terms of permeability and durability properties without compromising mechanical strength. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.)
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Mechanical properties of cement-based composites incorporating eco-friendly aggregate of waste rubber
Bulut, H. Alperen; Kandil, Ufuk
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the waste tires that harm the environment as aggregate in concrete and to examine the effect on the mechanical properties of concrete. Three different classes (powder, crumb and chips) of waste rubber with seven different ratios (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20% and 24%) and two different water to cement ratio (0.4 and 0.5) were used in concrete production. In this regard, this study conducted various experiments consisting of 28 and 90 days of the curing process to determine the properties of unit weight, compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength, along with ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The waste rubber concrete with the highest compressive strength at the end of 90 days is the concrete that includes 4% waste rubber (0.4WR4) with 58.81 MPa. Concrete containing 8% waste rubber has the highest UPV of 5660 m/s after 90 days. The increase in the water/cement ratio from 0.4 to 0.5 and the waste rubber ratio cause deterioration in the mechanical properties of concrete. Although the use of waste rubbers does not bring an increase in strength, it is feasible to produce high strength concretes with 4% and 8% waste rubber substitution ratios. The water/cement ratio and curing time were highly effective on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - Review ArticleAçık Erişim2024Radon, Concrete, Buildings and Human Health—A Review Study
Bulut, H. Alperen; Şahin, Remzi
A comprehensive evaluation of the results obtained according to the measurement of radon gas in buildings and concrete, which is the most consumed material in the world after water, in accessible studies carried out in the last 40 years is the main objective of this study. The paper additionally aims to address the gap in the literature by comparatively determining which parameters affect radon–concrete and radon–building relationships. The scientific knowledge compiled within the scope of this article was presented under the main headings of radon and radon gas measurements in concrete and buildings. Radon gas, also known as the “invisible killer”, is considered the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking (the gas is responsible for 3–14% of lung cancer cases in the world). The results determined that radon concentration limits have been applied in the range of 100–400 Bqm−3 in houses and 100–3700 Bqm−3 in workplaces. Studies conducted on the exhalation rate of radon showed that the radon exhalation rate of concrete may be in the range of 0.23–510 Bqm−2 h−1. The results of indoor radon concentration measurements revealed that values between 4.6 Bqm−3 and 583 Bqm−3 were obtained. Despite the existing literature, some researchers state that there is an urgent need for an improved and widely accepted protocol based on reliable measurement techniques to standardize measurements of the radon exhalation rate of construction materials and the indoor radon concentration of buildings.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024A different approach for green concrete production: Determination of the effect of e-waste and waste rubber powder on durability properties of concrete
Bulut, H. Alperen
This study was carried out to present a different approach to green concrete production by utilizing electronic waste (e-waste) and waste rubber powders in order to provide a solution to both the cost and carbon footprint problems arising from the rapid consumption of aggregate resources and cement. For this purpose, 0%, 5% and 10% of ewaste was utilized instead of aggregate and 0%, 2.5% and 5% of waste rubber powder was utilized instead of cement. In addition, mixtures in which both wastes were combined in concrete were also prepared and comparisons were conducted. Capillary water absorption, acid and sulfate attack tests were carried out on the concretes with different wastes at the end of 28 and 90 days. The capillary water absorption of concrete produced with 5% waste rubber powder at the end of 28 days (P5E0/28) was 80% less than the control concrete (C/28) (these values were 0.46, 2.36 respectively). It was determined that the utilization of waste rubber powder had a decreasing effect on the compressive strength losses of the concretes after acid attack compared to the control concrete, while e-waste had an increasing effect. It was determined that the compressive strength losses of the concretes in which waste rubber powder and e-waste were combined against sulfate attack were positively differentiated from both control concrete and concretes produced with single waste type. In parallel with the weight and compressive strength losses obtained after acid and sulfate attack, the results of the visual analyses of the concretes were similar. The use of 5% waste rubber powder in the concrete produced the greatest results. In addition, the ideal ratio between concretes in which e-waste and waste rubber powder used together was determined as 5% waste rubber powder and 5% e-waste. The results verified that e-waste and waste rubber powder can be considered for the production of green concrete.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Evaluation of the effect of E-waste on the permeability properties of polymer concrete composites and their behavior in aggressive environments
Aydın, Merve; Bulut, H. Alperen
The rapid increase in the number of electronic products worldwide, in terms of both variety and advanced technology, together with the decrease in costs, has led to the generation of a large amount of electronic waste (e-waste), which has significantly increased environmental pollution. This study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that the adhesion of polymer binders and plastic origin e-waste will be more effective and stronger, and therefore have a positive effect on the permeability properties of polymer concrete and its behavior against aggressive solutions. For this purpose, quartz aggregates and gravel used as an aggregate in polymer concrete were replaced with 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% e-waste. In the study where unsaturated polyester resin was used as a binder, the changes in the permeability properties (capillary water absorption, rapid chloride permeability) of the e-waste polymer concrete and its behavior against aggressive solutions (acid and sulfate attacks) were evaluated after 7, 28 and 90 days. In addition, mechanical experiments were conducted and comparisons were made. After the control concrete, the highest compressive strengths were obtained from the polymer concrete specimens using 3% e-waste, measured as 59.05 MPa, 64.5 MPa and 73.05 MPa after 7, 28 and 90 days, respectively. The research showed that polymer concretes with capillary water absorption coefficient values close to zero after 90 days can be produced with using up to 9% e-waste. The use of e-waste as an aggregate in polymer concrete at 3%, 6% and 9% e-waste, in particular, produced concrete with a high resistance to acid and sulfate attacks. The hypothesis of the study was confirmed after extensive experiments. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2022Radiological characteristics of Self-Compacting Concretes incorporating fly ash, silica fume, and slag
Bulut, H. Alperen; Şahin, Remzi
This article presents the results of a comprehensive study investigating the hypothesis that higher concentrations of natural radionuclides, that are harmful to human health, may be present in Self-Compacting Concretes (SCCs) due to its higher powder material content compared to conventional concretes. The fresh (slump-flow, T500 time, V-funnel) concrete and compressive strength of SCCs prepared by replacing Portland cement with fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in the respective range of 5%, 12.5%, and 20% were determined. The radionuclide activity concentration of all solid concrete components and SCCs were determined using the gamma spectrometry method. Radioactivity analyses including the calculation of the activity concentration index and annual effective dose equivalents were also performed. The findings showed that the specimens with the highest average compressive strength at the end of 120th day were, respectively, SF (54.2 MPa), FA (52.2 MPa) and GGBFS (46.1 MPa) added to the SCC. The obtained concentration of the Radium-226 value (41.1) of 20% UK with added SCC was 1.8 times higher than the control concrete (22.7) and 2 times higher than 20% SF added SCC (19.7). The highest Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) values were FA20 (89.52), GGBFS20 (72.05), control concrete (70.86) and SF20 (68.01). It was determined that the FA selected for the study exceeded the limit specified for structural material (3.38 > 1) and fell in the radiologically hazardous class. It has been proven that SF can be used as a radioactivity reducing material of concretes. The results revealed that the research hypothesis was confirmed in terms of FA.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2017A study on mechanical properties of polymer concrete containing electronic plastic waste
Bulut, H. Alperen; Şahin, Remzi
It is aimed to research the effects of electronic plastic waste (e-plastic) on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete. E-plastic was used as a part of the filling materials (quartz sand and gravel) to obtain polymer concrete in this study. Unsaturated polyester resin material has been chosen as the polymer material and used as binder in polymer concrete production. Resin/filling material ratio has been determined as 10–90%, 15–85% and 20–80%, e-plastic/filling material ratio has been decided to be 0%, 5%, 15% and 25%. 28-Day of axial compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength values of the test samples were evaluated. The increase in the ratio of resin, increases the compressive strength while it does not cause a dramatic increase or decrease in the flexural and splitting tensile strength. Compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength values decrease as the ratio of e-plastic increases. On the other hand, electronic plastic waste increases the polymer concrete's ductility. Experimental study shows that ideal resin ratio and ideal e-plastic ratio values are 15% and 5%, respectively.
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