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- ArticleYalnız künye2026Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Fe, Cu, and Ag nanoparticles synthesized with sage (Salvia officinalis) extract on rainbow trout gonad cell line
Kırıcı, Muammer; Erdoğan, Mehmet Kadir; Caf, Fatma; Gündoğdu, Ramazan; Taysı, Mehmet Reşit; Kırıcı, Mahinur; Sökmen, Teoman Özgür; Kaya, Bülent; Toy, Yusuf
The rapid increase in the use of nanoparticles in various sectors necessitates understanding their potential biological effects on aquatic organisms. In particular, the biosafety profiles of plant-derived biosynthetic nanoparticles, developed as environmentally friendly alternatives, are still known to a limited extent. In this study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis using sage ( Salvia officinalis ) leaf extract on rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) gonad cell line (RTG-2) were investigated. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDX, and zeta potential analyses. Cell viability and apoptosis-related protein responses were assessed following nanoparticle exposure. The results showed that all metal nanoparticles produced a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect in RTG-2 cells. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect, significantly reducing cell viability, especially at concentrations of 50 µg/mL and above. Apoptosis analysis revealed that different toxicity mechanisms were activated depending on the metal type. While AgNPs strongly suppressed BCL2 expression and appeared to enhance apoptosis-related responses, CuNPs and FeNPs were mainly associated with p53-mediated cellular stress signaling. In conclusion, it was shown that sage-derived metal nanoparticles produced metal-type-specific cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in fish gonad cells; these findings highlight the necessity of species- and metal-based approaches in the environmental risk assessment of green synthesis nanoparticles.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026Seasonal Dynamics of Gonadal Antioxidant Biomarkers Associated with Reproductive Indices in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta
Şen Özdemir, Nurgül; Kırıcı, Muammer; Caf, Fatma; Güneş, Muharrem; Sökmen, Teoman Özgür; Türk, Cebrahil; Demir, Nurullah
Seasonal variability and reproductive investment influence oxidative metabolism in fish; however, the relationship between reproductive dynamics and antioxidant responses in freshwater cyprinids remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated seasonal and biological factors affecting antioxidant biomarkers in the gonads of Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta inhabiting the Karasu River (Türkiye). A total of 152 individuals were examined between April 2023 and March 2024, and reproductive indices (total body weight, gonad weight, and gonadosomatic index) were evaluated together with oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA, SIMPER, and principal coordinate analysis) were used to determine the factors shaping oxidative responses. Females exhibited higher reproductive investment, while reproductive activity increased during spring and summer, accompanied by elevated MDA levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. PERMANOVA identified season as the primary factor explaining variation in oxidative biomarkers (p = 0.001), followed by reproductive parameters, and PCO revealed clear seasonal separation among groups. These findings indicate that oxidative balance in gonadal tissues is strongly associated with seasonal reproductive cycles and environmental variability in wild freshwater cyprinids.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026Seasonal Dominance over Morphometric Effects in Regulating Antioxidant Defense in Two Freshwater Capoeta Species
Kırıcı, Muammer; Özdemir, Nurgül Şen; Güneş, Muharrem; Sökmen, Teoman Özgür; Caf, Fatma; Türk, Cebrahil; Demir, Nurullah
Antioxidant defense systems in fish are highly sensitive to environmental variability and provide valuable indicators of physiological stress in aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluated the combined effects of seasonal variation, morphometric parameters (total length, total weight, and condition factor), sex, and species identity on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant defense responses in Capoeta umbla and Capoeta trutta collected from the Karasu River (Türkiye). Fish were seasonally sampled between April 2023 and March 2024, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), were analyzed in edible muscle tissues. Length–weight relationships and Fulton’s condition factor were calculated to describe growth patterns and physiological status. The results indicated that seasonal variation was the primary factor influencing oxidative stress responses and antioxidant defense patterns in both species. Higher oxidative stress levels and increased antioxidant enzyme activities were generally observed during the summer period, reflecting physiological responses to elevated environmental temperatures. Morphometric parameters and species identity showed comparatively weaker associations with antioxidant variability. Overall, the findings highlight the dominant role of seasonal environmental dynamics in regulating oxidative balance in freshwater Capoeta species and support the use of antioxidant biomarkers as effective tools for assessing ecosystem health under changing environmental conditions.
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