Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
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- ArticleYalnız künye2016Effect of Irrigation Water on Accumulation of Heavy Metal and Mineral Element in Some Vegetables
Mutlu, Salih; Osma, Etem; İlhan, Veli; Aksoy, Ahmet
In this study, the effects of irrigation water on vegetables were analysed. Samples that we analysed were pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were raised using running water and river water and collected from both normal land and riverside soils. After pretreating the collected samples in the laboratory, ICP-MS elemental analysis was conducted. Results are evaluated using SPSS 19 Statistical Package Software and expressed as mean we found that there is significant differences in the content metals of the samples (soil, roots and fruits) collected from three different area. We also evaluated the correlation between the soils and the roots vegetable in terms of heavy metals (or mineral). It was clear that there is a significant effect of irrigation water on the vegetables.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2016Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates cold damage by regulating antioxidative system in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars
Mutlu, Salih; Atıcı, Ökkeş; Nalbantoğlu, Barbaros; Mete, Ebru
In this work, the time-dependent effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) applied before cold stress was investigated on the regulation of antioxidative respond mechanisms in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (Akhisar and Tokak) differed in cold tolerance. SA (0.1 mM) was applied to 7-days old barley seedlings growing under control conditions (20/18°C). After this application, the seedlings were transferred to cold conditions (7/5°C) at different times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) for 3 days. Then, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were determined in the leaves (control, cold and SA + cold) from the seedlings harvested at 10, 17, 24 and 31 days. Moreover, the effect of cold stress was evaluated on the endogenous SA level at the both cultivars by comparing to control plants. The MDA content increased in the cold treatment while it decreased in the SA treatment at all the days studied at the both cultivars. The SA + cold treatment could have a variable effect on H2O2 content at the tolerant barley (Tokak) while decreased its content at the sensitive cultivar (Akhisar). The SA + cold treatment could increase the activities of POX and SOD at both cultivars, but it increased the CAT activity at the tolerant cultivar while decreased at the sensitive cultivar. In addition, the content of endogenous SA was decreased by cold stress at all the days studied at the barley cultivars as compared to control plants. The results show that the SA treatment could be effective on the regulation of the parameters studied at cold conditions until 31 days after SA application, and the importance of exogenous SA treatment before cold stress. It was concluded that exogenous and endogenous SA could play an ameliorating role on cold tolerance by regulating reactive oxygen species and the activities of antioxidative enzymes in both cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant cultivars of barley.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2016Mistletoe (Viscum album) infestation in the Scots pine stimulates drought-dependent oxidative damage in summer
Mutlu, Salih; Ilhan, Veli; Turkoglu, Halil Ibrahim
This study sought to contribute to the understanding of the detrimental effect of the mistletoe (Viscum album L.), a hemiparasitic plant, on the mortality of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Fieldwork was conducted in the town of Kelkit (Gumushane province, Turkey) from April to October in 2013. Pine needles of similar ages were removed from the branches of mistletoe-infested and noninfested Scots pine plants, then transported to the laboratory and used as research materials. The effects of the mistletoe on the Scots pine during infestation were evaluated by determining the levels of water, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA, being a product of lipid peroxidation) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2-•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). In addition, the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were measured in the same samples. The highest level of drought stress was found in summer (especially in August) as a result of the lowest water content in the soil and the highest average temperature occurring in these months. The drought stress induced by mistletoe infestation caused a regular decrease in water content, while it increased the levels of EL, MDA and ROS (H2O2, O2-• and •OH). The infestation also stimulated the activities of CAT and POX, with the exception of SOD. On the other hand, in August, when the drought conditions were the harshest, the levels of EL and MDA, which are two of the most important indicator parameters for oxidative stress, as well as the levels of H2O2 and •OH, which are two of the ROS leading to oxidative stress, reached the highest values in both infested and noninfested needles, whereas the O2-• level decreased. For the same period and needles, CAT activity increased, while SOD activity decreased. Peroxidase activity, however, did not exhibit a significant change. Our findings indicate that the increased mortality of the Scots pine may result from the mistletoe-induced very severe drought stress, and that the increase in the capacity of antioxidative enzyme system does not protect the plant against oxidative stress in dry summer seasons.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2016Mistletoe (Viscum album) reduces the growth of the Scots pine by accumulating essential nutrient elements in its structure as a trap
Mutlu, Salih; Osma, Etem; Ilhan, Veli; Turkoglu, Halil Ibrahim; Atici, Okkes
Key message: We found mistletoe accumulates nutrient elements in its structure as a trap and causes a severe drought stress in the Scots pine in dry summer seasons. Abstract: The mistletoe [Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesbaur) Vollm.] is a hemiparasitic plant, and its infestation is known to play an important role on the mortality of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), but there is little knowledge about its action mechanism. This study, therefore, tried to gain a better understanding of the destructive effect of the mistletoe on the growth and water uptake mechanism of the Scots pine. Identical needles from neighboring plants (healthy and infested) were harvested in the middle of each month (from April to October 2013) and used as research material. Infestation success of the mistletoe was investigated by evaluating the contents of the endogenous nutrient elements such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, nickel, and sodium in both mistletoe leaves and the needles of healthy and infested Scots pine. Its effects were also evaluated by determining the content of water, chlorophyll, and dry matter, and the length of the newly formed needles of the healthy and infested trees. Mistletoe infestation led to a decrease in the availability of water and mineral nutrients, and caused a powerful inhibition on the growth parameters such as chlorophyll, dry matter, and the length of needles by accumulating the essential nutrient minerals in its structure. The findings of this study indicate that the mistletoe accumulates the nutrient elements in its structure as a trap and causes a severe drought stress in the Scots pine in dry summer seasons, thereby playing a potent role in the increasing mortality rate in the Scots pine.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2014Effects of exogenous nitric oxide in wheat seedlings under chilling stress
Esim, Nevzat; Atici, Okkes; Mutlu, Salih
The effects of nitric oxide (NO) on chilling tolerance (contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2 –) and lipid peroxidation level (malondialdehyde, MDA)) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT)) were investigated in the leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to chilling. NO treatment was carried out through spraying of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which is a donor of NO. To do this, SNP concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM were applied on the leaves of 11-day plants and the plants were then exposed to chilling conditions (5/2°C) for 3 days. The chilling stress treatment increased both the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of MDA, H2O2and O2 –. Similarly, NO treatment enhanced SOD, POX and CAT activities under chilling stress, whereas it decreased H2O2and O2 –contents as well as MDA level. The most effective concentration was determined as 0.1 mM SNP. Exogenous SNP application as a donor of NO was found to have an important ameliorative effect on cold tolerance of seedling exposed to chilling stress by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2013Alleviation of high salt toxicity-induced oxidative damage by salicylic acid pretreatment in two wheat cultivars
Mutlu, Salih; Atici, Ökkeş
Role of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) in the antioxidative response to salt toxicity of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars (Gerek-79 and Bezostaya) was investigated. Hydroponic growth environment of 10-day wheat seedlings grown under normal conditions (22/20°C) was adjusted to 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 M of salt (NaCl), and then freshly prepared SA solutions (0.0, 0.01 and 0.1 mM) were once sprayed on leaves of the same seedlings. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were determined in fresh leaves obtained from 15-day seedlings. Treatment with SA alone increased all the antioxidant activities in Gerek-79. However, the same treatments with SA decreased the activities of CAT and SOD in Bezostaya, while increased that of POX. Salt applications alone increased the activities of POX and SOD, while decreased that of CAT in Bezostaya. The same salt applications increased the POX activity, while decreased the activities of CAT and SOD in Gerek-79. In plants under saline conditions, except 0.75 M NaCl, treatments with SA increased the activities of CAT, POX and SOD in both the varieties compared with plants applied salt alone. In plants applied with 0.75 M NaCl, however, treatments with SA decreased CAT activity. Results showed that salt toxicity caused a derangement in the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities by decreasing CAT activity especially in both the varieties, but treatments with SA could turn back the derangement in the antioxidative enzymes caused by salt toxicity. SA can involve in increasing salt tolerance by regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes in wheat cultivars exposed to salt toxicity.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2013Genotoxic effects of catmint (Nepeta meyeri Benth.) essential oils on some weed and crop plants
Kekeç, Güzin; Mutlu, Salih; Alpsoy, Lokman; Sakçali, M. Serdal; Atici, Ökkeş
This study investigates the genotoxicity of the essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of catmint (Nepeta meyeri Benth.) against two weeds (Bromus danthoniae and Lactuca serriola) and two crop plants (Brassica napus and Zea mays). The essential oils of N. meyeri analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry contained 14 compounds, with 4aα, 7α, 7aβ-nepetalactone (83.4%), 4aα, 7α, and 7aα-nepetalactone (8.83%) as the major components. The oils were diluted (25, 50, 100, and 150 ppm) and the solutions were applied to seeds or leaves of these plants. The study compared the germination percentage and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) results with the control group. The results showed that the oils had a strong inhibitory activity and caused a change in RAPD profiles in terms of variation in band intensity, loss of bands, and appearance of new bands compared with the control group. The results suggested that RAPD analysis could be applied as a suitable biomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of plant allelochemicals. This study indicates the genotoxical potential of N. meyeri essential oils on weed and crop plants.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2013Cement dust pollution induces toxicity or deficiency of some essential elements in wild plants growing around a cement factory
Mutlu, Salih; Atici, Ökkeş; Gülen, Yasir
In the present study, it was aimed to determine the effects of cement dust pollution on contents of some significant essential elements (P, S, K, Ca, Fe and Cl) in wild plants (Medigago varia, Anchusa leptophylla, Euphorbia orientalis, Lactuca serriola, Artemisia spicigera, Crambe orientalis, Convolvulus sepium and Senecio vernalis) using wavelength-dispersive spectrometer X-ray fluorescence technique. Plant samples were collected from different locations around a cement factory which is located at Askale about 50 km from Erzurum (Turkey). The element contents in the plant specimens that existed in both 0–100 m (dense dusted) and 2000 m (undusted) areas were compared. P, S, K and Cl contents were found to be high in the plants growing in areas 0–100 m from the cement factory, compared to same plants at 2000 m far from the factory. However, Ca and Fe contents were determined to be low in plants growing in 0–100 m area from the factory. Results of the study can contribute to understand how mineral deficiency and toxicity lead to detrimental effects on plant growth and development in the fields contaminated by cement dust.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2013Time-dependent effect of salicylic acid on alleviating cold damage in two barley cultivars differing in cold tolerance
Mutlu, Salih; Karadaǧoǧlu, Ömer; Atici, Ökkeş; Taşǧin, Esen; Nalbantoǧlu, Barbaros
The time-dependent effect of salicylic acid (SA) on alleviating cold damage in the Tokak (tolerant) and Akhisar (sensitive) varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) was investigated. Seedlings subjected to 0.0, 0.1, and 1 mM SA for 7 days were transferred to cold (7/5 °C) on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 for 3 days. It was found that 0.1 mM SA had a greater alleviating effect, decreasing the freezing injury in both varieties for at least 10 days after the application. Moreover, 0.1 mM SA had a greater effect on alleviation in Tokak by increasing the ice nucleation activity of apoplastic proteins extracted from the leaves. SA was effective for at least 24 days in decreasing the effect of freezing temperature by regulating apoplastic proteins in the leaves after the application. Furthermore, 0.1 and 1 mM SA had an alleviating effect by decreasing the lipid peroxidation level in both varieties for at least 24 days after the application. It can be seen that SA treatment can play a positive role in alleviating cold damage in barley. Therefore, it is suggested that results from SA treatments may contribute to research related to diminishing cold damage in agricultural applications.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2011Essential oils of catmint (Nepeta meyeri Benth.) induce oxidative stress in early seedlings of various weed species
Mutlu, Salih; Atici, Ökkeş; Esim, Nevzat; Mete, Ebru
The essential oils from the aerial parts of catmint (Nepeta meyeri Benth.) were analyzed by hydrodistillation with GC-MS. Fourteen compounds were identified in the yellowish essential oil of the plant, representing more than 99.07% of the oil, of which the major components were found to be 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (83.4%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (8.83%). The oils were characterized by relatively high content of oxygenated monoterpenes, and were tested on the germination and antioxidative systems in early seedlings of seven weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Bromus danthoniae Trin., Bromus intermedius Guss., Chenopodium album L., Cynodon dactylon L., Lactuca serriola L., and Portulaca oleracea L.) and autotoxicity. The essential oil of N. meyeri inhibited seed germination by more than 50% in three weed species (B. danthoniae, B. intermedius, and L. serriola) when applied at a concentration of 0.01%. When the same oils were applied at 0.02% concentration, the inhibition of germination was more than 70% in two weeds (C. album and C. dactylon) and was 100% in four weeds (A. retroflexus, B. danthoniae, B. intermedius, and L. serriola). The essential oils increased CAT activity in all the weed species and decreased SOD activity, except in A. retroflexus. POX activity did not exhibit a revealing situation in the weed species tested. The essential oils increased the level of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in all the weeds studied. Our results show that the essential oils of N. meyeri have an important phytotoxic effect on seed germination and, consequently, seedling growth by exhausting antioxidative system of the weeds. The phytotoxic activity of the essential oils may be attributed to their relatively high content of oxygenated monoterpenes, especially 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone. It can be suggest that the essential oils of N. meyeri have the potential to be used as a bioherbicide.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2009Effect of cement dust on diversity and antioxidant enzyme activities of plants growing around a cement factory
Mutlu, Salih; Atici, Ökkeş; Kaya, Yusuf
The present study investigated the effect of cement dust on diversity and antioxidant enzyme activities of plants growing around a cement factory. Thirty-six plant species were identified at a distance of 2,000 m from the outer zone of a cement factory (Askale-Erzurum, Turkey). Only 12 of these species were also found within 0-100 m (densely dusted area) of the cement factory. In order to evaluate the antioxidative responses of these 12 species within this dense-dusted area, the activities of peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined within the plant leaves. In Artemisia spicigera, Crambe orientalis, and Convolvulus sepium plants, the activities of POX and SOD were low while that of CAT was high. In contrast, POX and SOD activity was high in Medicago varia, Isatis candolleana, and Astragalus christianus plants, while that of CAT was low. In Lactuca seriola and Senecio vernalis, however, the activity levels of the three enzymes were interestingly low. In four remaining species (Anchusa leptophylla, Euphorbia orientalis, Taraxacum androssovii and Tragopogon albinervis), the enzyme activities fluctuated between the plants collected in 0-100 m sample area, and those from the sample site 2,000 m from the factory. These findings suggest that Artemisia spicigera, Crambe orientalis, and Convolvulus sepium have a more effective defense system than the other species studied. The findings of this study will contribute to the selection of plant species for cultivation in cement-dust contaminated fields.
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