Singular Spectrum Analysis for Noise Reduction and Feature Extraction in Hybrid Deep Learning Models: Integrating Meteorological Variables for Improved SGI Predictions

Within the scope of this study, a range of advanced machine learning and deep learning models—including Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Autoencoder, Deep Neural Network (DNN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)—were employed to estimate the Standardized Groundwater Index (SGI) in Erzincan Province. SSA was utilized as a preprocessing technique to decompose input variables such as precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, and past SGI values into distinct components including trend, seasonality, cyclicality, and noise. These decomposed components were then fed into the artificial intelligence models to construct hybrid forecasting frameworks. The performance of each hybrid model was evaluated using multiple statistical indicators and visual analyses. The findings demonstrated that incorporating all SSA-derived subcomponents as inputs generally improved the monthly SGI prediction accuracy. However, for 12-month SGI predictions, the results were more variable, with both improvements and deteriorations observed depending on the model configuration. Additionally, the elimination of noise components was found to enhance both model generalization capability and overall prediction performance. Among the models tested, ANFIS emerged as the most effective in capturing GWD dynamics. To further investigate variable importance, Sobol sensitivity analysis was applied to the ANFIS outputs. The analysis revealed that previous SGI-1 values (t − 1) and relative humidity were the most influential inputs in predicting current SGI-1 (t) values. © The Author(s) 2025.