Acar, Hatice Kübra; Yangılar, Filiz

This study was to investigate the characteristic properties of functional powder formulations produced by the lyophilization technique, enriched with vitamin B12 and L-carnitine, and containing walnuts, walnut milk, walnut milk powder, and lupin flour, aiming to support the nutritional needs of vegan athletes. Vitamin B12 analysis of vegan powder samples were performed using an HPLC device. Vitamin B12 levels ranged from 3.64% to 3.92%. Sample B (15% carnitine added) exhibited the highest protein content (31.08%), while sample C (20% carnitine added) the most total phenolic content (192 mg GAE/100 g), suggesting a strong potential for oxidative stress mitigation. The formulations displayed high dispersibility (87.28%–92.74%) and yield efficiency (90.68%–92.82%), indicating excellent solubility and practical applicability. Sample B showed the highest antioxidant activity as DPPH (6.61 mmol TE/kg), FRAP (6.57 mmol Fe²⁺/kg), and CUPRAC (8.00 mg TE/g). Additionally, sample C presented the highest energy density (448.73 kcal/100 g) while sample K (520 mg/100 g). The inclusion of 15% L-carnitine in sample B significantly enhanced palatability and overall acceptability.

Alkan Polat, Betül; Aydemir Atasever, Meryem; ATASEVER, Mustafa

This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the free amino acid (FAA) composition of human breast milk and to compare profiles between term (TBM; milk of term infants) and preterm (PBM; milk of preterm infants) samples across two lactation stages, colostrum and transitional milk. A total of 200 breast milk samples were collected on the 3rd and 10th postpartum days from 50 healthy mothers of term infants and 50 healthy mothers of preterm infants in Erzurum Province. Forty-five FAAs were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method. Significant differences in FAA composition were observed between TBM and PBM. Glutamic acid, the predominant FAA in all samples, was approximately 82% higher in TBM compared to PBM (p < 0.001). TBM also exhibited markedly higher levels of bioactive amines, including anserine, serotonin, and dopamine, whereas PBM was enriched in several amino acids such as aspartic acid (> 200%) and branched-chain amino acids, particularly leucine and isoleucine (p < 0.05–0.001). Among essential amino acids, histidine was more abundant in TBM, while leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and phenylalanine were significantly higher in PBM (p < 0.05–0.001). Lactation stage–dependent variations were evident in both groups. Colostrum exhibited a significantly richer FAA profile than transitional milk in both TBM and PBM (p < 0.05–0.001). In TBM, colostrum contained higher concentrations of several amino acids, including arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glycine, proline, serine, histidine, and valine, whereas transitional milk showed higher levels of glutamic acid, beta-alanine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, and dopamine (p < 0.05–0.001). In PBM, colostrum was particularly enriched in essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and branched-chain amino acids, while several non-essential amino acids decreased during the transition to transitional milk (p < 0.001). Overall, these findings demonstrate that both gestational age and lactation stage significantly influence the free amino acid composition of human breast milk, highlighting distinct bioactive and nutritional profiles in term and preterm milk with potential implications for early infant nutrition.

Erdaş, Zeynep Tuba; Yangılar, Filiz

This study aimed to investigate the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory properties of four different yogurt types produced using varying concentrations of 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% Chlorella vulgaris, along with 1% maple syrup, to develop a functional yogurt enriched with nutritional content. The viable counts of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus in the yogurts during storage ranged from 6.97 to 8.51 log10 cfu/g and 7.23 to 8.22 log10 cfu/g, respectively. Yeast and mold counts in all samples were found to be below the detectable level (< 2 log10 cfu/g) throughout the storage period. The viscosity of the yogurts ranged from 1063 to 2405 cP, with significant variation observed based on the concentration of Chlorella vulgaris (p < 0.05). The control yogurt had the lowest total phenolic content (47.62 mg GAE/g), while the highest value was found in the yogurt variety produced with 1% Chlorella vulgaris (47.62 mg GAE/g). Additionally, the lowest total antioxidant value (15.49%) was observed in the control sample and the highest (58.90%) in the yogurt with 1% Chlorella vulgaris. The lowest total sugar content (7.37%) was determined in the control sample on the 21st day of storage, while the highest value (16.58%) was found in the yogurt with 1% Chlorella vulgaris. Sensory evaluation revealed that panelists preferred the sample containing 0.50% Chlorella vulgaris and 1% maple syrup.

Karakus, Sinem; Atıcı, Okkes; Turan, Metin; Kaya, Ozkan

In this article, the second reference ‘A. Muder, H. Garming, S. DreisiebnerLanz, K. Kerngast, F. Rosner, K. Klickova, G. Kurthy, K. Cimer, A. Bertazzoli, V. Altamura, G. De Ros, K.M.B.C. Zmarlicki Freitas, A. Duarte, E. Bravin, J. Kambor, D. Karamürsel, F.P. Öztürk, E. Kaçal, Apple production and apple value chains in Europe. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 1611–4434 (2022)’ was incorrectly published and should have been ‘A. Muder, H. Garming, S. DreisiebnerLanz, K. Kerngast, F. Rosner, K. Klickova, G. Kurthy, K. Cimer, A. Bertazzoli, V. Altamura, G. De Ros, K.M.B.C. Zmarlicki Freitas, A. Duarte, E. Bravin, J. Kambor, D. Karamürsel, F.P. Öztürk, E. Kaçal, Apple production and apple value chains in Europe. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 87(6), 1–22 (2022). https://doi.org/10.17660/ejhs.2022/059’. The original article has been corrected.

Yangilar, Filiz; Erdaş, Zeynep Tuba

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Kavılca fiber and astaxanthin to enhance yogurts’ nutritional content and antioxidant capacity, thereby contributing to developing a novel food product with significant health benefits. In this regard, the effects of different concentrations (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) of buckwheat fiber and astaxanthin on the quality properties of yogurt during a 21-day storage period were investigated. Enriching yogurts with buckwheat fiber and astaxanthin improved the viability, viscosity, water-holding capacity, and antioxidant activity of yogurt bacteria. The results indicated that the presence of astaxanthin had a positive impact on radical scavenging activity in samples, with CKA3 showing the highest radical scavenging activity (99.46%) after a storage period of 21 days while also exhibiting minimum serum separation among groups CKA3. Additionally, color parameters were significantly influenced by the addition of buckwheat fiber and astaxanthin (p < 0.05). The addition of buckwheat fiber and astaxanthin also positively affected the textural properties of yogurt samples during the storage period, and the most preferred sample was CKA1, along with the control samples.

Şahin, Özlem; Vural, Halil

Smoked beef tongue (SBT) is a meat product obtained by cooking and smoking brined beef tongue. This study aimed to reduce the curing time of SBT and evaluate the effects of different curing methods on product quality during 90- day storage period. Ultrasound-assisted (UAC), intermittent ultrasound-assisted (IUC), tumbling (TAC), and vacuum tumbling (VTC) methods were applied, with traditional curing (TC) used as the control. According to ANOVA results, the highest redness (a*) value was observed in the TC group (14.98), but there was no significant difference compared to UAC, IUC, and VTC (p > 0.05). Curing methods had no significant effect on sensory properties (p > 0.05). The highest salt content was found in TC (4.23%), while the lowest was in IUC (1.61%), resulting in a 41–62% reduction depending on the method (p < 0.05). The highest water activity (0.960) and water-holding capacity (0.46) were observed in IUC. Weight yield ranged from 60.73% (VTC) to 65.77% (TC). The new methods also resulted in higher levels of sulfur compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons, while TC had higher levels of Maillard reaction products such as furans, pyrazines, pyridines, phenolics, ketones, and acids. Curing time was reduced from 8 days to 6–10 h. Overall, the novel curing methods effectively reduced curing time while maintaining the technological, chemical, and sensory quality of SBT. Implementing these methods in industrial production could enhance both product quality and production efficiency.

Karakus, Sinem; Atıcı, Okkes; Turan, Metin; Kaya, Ozkan

This study investigated the effects of individual and combination applications of EOCs against Botrytis Cinerea in apple fruits, with a focus on sugar, vitamin, and antioxidant enzyme dynamics. In protective and curative treatments, sucrose content varied between 18.9 and 87.9 g.L-1, with the “CT” group exhibiting significantly higher sucrose levels (87.9 g.L-1). Glucose content ranged from 6.2 g.L-1 (“CT” and “C + F”) to 35.5 g.L-1 (“T + C + E + F”). Fructose content varied significantly, with the “F + T + C + E” treatment showing the highest (11.4 g.L-1) and the “CT” group the lowest (2.5 g.L-1). Rhamnose content in the curative treatment reached 14.9 g.L-1 (“F + T”) and in the protective treatment, the “C + E + F” group had the highest (3.3 g.L-1). Galactose content ranged from 0.1 to 13.0 g.L-1. Xylose content in curative treatment ranged from 12.1 to 13.6 g.L-1, with the combination “F + T” displaying the highest. In preventive treatment, arabinose content ranged from 0.7 to 3.0 g.L-1, with the “T + C + F” group having the highest. In terms of vitamins, the combination “T + F” showed the highest B1 (25.4 mg.100 g-1) and B2 (24.6 mg.100 g-1) content. Vitamin A, B1, and B2 increased in the “F + T” group, and vitamin C increased in the “F + T + C” group (33.4 mg.100 g-1). The quantification of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes revealed significant reductions in H2O2, MDA, and proline levels in EOC applications. In preventive treatment, the combination “T + C + E + F” exhibited the most effective improvement in SOD activity (556.5 EU mg-1), CAT activity increased significantly in the “T + C + F” group (189.3 EU mg-1), and APX activity saw the highest increase in the “T + C + E + F” group (185.6 EU mg-1). Contrastingly, curative treatments showed higher H2O2, MDA, and proline levels. The most significant decrease in H2O2 level occurred in the “T + C + E + F” group (36.7 nmol.g-1), and a significant decrease in MDA level was noted in the same group. Notable changes were observed in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, with the “F + T + C + E” group displaying the highest SOD activity (440.7 EU mg-1), and the “F + T” group showing the highest GST activity (542.0 EU mg-1). This research provided comprehensive insights into the biochemical responses of apple fruits to EOC treatments, offering potential strategies for effective fungal management in agriculture.

Kavaz Yüksel, Arzu; Dikici, Emrah; Yüksel, Mehmet; Işık, Mesut; Tozoğlu, Fatih; Köksal, Ekrem

Epilobium angustifolium is widely used in medicine for disease treatments, as well as in the cosmetic and food industries. The aim of this research was to investigate the antioxidant, and anticholinergic properties, phenolics profile and antibacterial activities of the E. angustifolium ethanol extract. The analysis of phenolic compounds was performed with LC–MS/MS. The antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging, metal-reducing power and total antioxidant activity) was assessed by DPPH, ABTS, Cu2+–Cu+ reducing (CUPRAC), Fe3+–Fe2+ reducing and ferric thiocyanate methods. The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion and MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) methods and the anticholinergic property was predicted by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The major phenolic compounds, founding in the plant extract were luteolin, fumaric acid, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid. The ethanol extract of the plant showed DPPH free radical scavenging value of 11.3%, while the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 19.4% and showed moderately metal-reducing power. Also, the extract had 39.3% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion and showed an inhibition effect on the AChE with IC50 values (0.14 mg mL−1). The ethanol extract of the plant showed antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium at different levels. These results suggested that E. angustifolium extract might be a suitable natural antioxidant in the preservation of foods by preventing the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and might play a role in the treatment of some diseases with its antioxidant, anticholinergic, and antibacterial activity.

Altay, Ahmet; Kılıc Suloglu, Aysun; Sagdıcoglu Celep, Gulcın; Selmanoglu, Guldenız; Bozoglu, Faruk

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and healthy diet is critical in preventing it. This study intends to investigate phenolic profile, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activity as well as Glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition activity of water extract of Salvia fruticosa Mill. (SF.) HPLC analysis revealed that the main bioactive ingredients of SF were rosmarinic and caffeic acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 425.1 mg GAE/g extract and 94.7 mg CE/g extract, respectively. SF exhibited high antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS assays. The extract exhibited time and dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity on colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29). The extract also inhibited GST activity in a mixed-type manner, with an IC 50 value of 6.8 µg/mL. To conclude, the results suggest that SF may be considered as a medicinal plant which can be used in theprevention and treatment of colon cancer, besides chemotherapy drugs.

Tohma, Hatice; Altay, Ahmet; Köksal, Ekrem; Gören, Ahmet Ceyhan; Gülçin, İlhami

The present study aimed to investigate Sumac (Rhus coriaria) for anticancer, antidiabetic, anticholinergic activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Two solvents, water and ethanol, were used for extraction. For anticancer activity, the extracts were tested against human cancer cell lines including HT-29 and MCF-7. The cell growth inhibition rate was measured via XTT assay. The antidiabetic activity of the sumac extracts was measured by the inhibition of α-glycosidase and α-amylase enzymes, whereas the anticholinergic activity was measured via the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteau and the aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was used for the separation, identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in the samples. The ethanolic extract had higher phenolic and phenolic contents than aqueous extract. It exhibited substantial antiproliferative, antidiabetic and anticholinergic activities. The aqueous extract of sumac showed moderate therapeutic efficiency in all the preformed assays. LC–MS/MS study revealed fumaric acid as a main compound in both the ethanolic (452.78 mg/kg) and aqueous (180.72 mg/kg) extracts. These results suggest that sumac may have health-enhancing effects and act as inhibitors of certain enzymes or interfering with some cellular pathways.