Kandal, Sena Coşğun

The adoption and institutionalisation of modern education systems in the Ottoman Empire led to a transformation of the teaching profession, which gradually moved away from its traditional structure and evolved into a status group in the Weberian sense. This transformation brought with it a range of problems related to the legal rights, professional status, working conditions, and public recognition of teachers. Following the Second Constitutional Era, teachers began forming unions to protect their rights, express their demands collectively, and assert their social standing. This study examines one such early example of professional organisation, the Mekâtib-i İbtidâîye Muallimleri Cemiyeti, established during the late Ottoman period. No comprehensive research has been conducted on this union and its activities to date. Using document analysis, the study explores the union’s foundation, activities and dissolution based on its regulation, archival documents, newspapers and journals of the period. In addition, by presenting the transcription of the union’s regulation, which are currently not available in library catalogues, it aims to contribute to the literature on the history of education. The findings show that the union aimed to address issues such as irregular salaries, demanding working conditions, professional rights, improvements in primary education and the reinforcement of professional solidarity and prestige among teachers. Through congresses, meetings and public events, the union acted in an organised manner to respond to shortcomings in the educational system. The union, which was dissolved in 1925 through its merger with the Türkiye Muallimler Birliği, represents a distinctive example of professional organisation during the transition from Empire to Republic.

Naldan, Funda

The baths which have an important place in Turkish culture constitute an important place in art history and architectural studies in terms of their architecture and functions. In Erzincan the available four baths dating 18th. - 19 th. century are works of the Ottoman period. According to archival sources, there are two more baths structures that cannot be reached by day. The baths which reflect the characteristics of the classical Turkish baths architecture consist of coldness, lukewarm room, hot rooms, water storage and culver sections. Three of the baths as a single and one as a dual function was arranged. In the coldness sections, Izzet Pasa, Nafiz Pasa and Tasci baths have wooden beamed ceilings, covered with a dome in a tented Cadirci bath, vault in all luke warm room, and all hot rooms are covered with a dome with four iwan and four private room cell plan types. Bric material was used in the upper cover of the baths built with rubble stone.

Ciminli, Funda Naldan

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