Kilic, Engin

This study was carried out between 2014 and 2017 in Erzincan. The goal of the study is to isolate entomopathogenic fungus from the soil of Erzincan province and to test the pathogenesis of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella Linnaeus 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). 78 isolates were obtained as a result of the study, 63 of them were Beauveria bassiana and 15 of them were Iletharzium anisopliae as entomopathogenic fungi. Under the laboratory conditions, bioassay tests were followed for 12 days and the first cases in both species were seen on the 4th day. As a result of B. bassiana, at the end of the 4th day, BbEMRKZ5b isolate had the highest mortality rate with 36.60%. On the 6th day, BbEK2a isolate had the highest mortality rate with 50.00%. Also, at the end of the 4th day, MaER3 and MaEO3 isolates of M. anisopliae had the highest mortality rate with 26.52%. On the 6th day, MaER3 isolate had the highest mortality rate with 53.35 %. As a result, the mortality rate of the wax moth increased as the incubation time progressed. Also, on the 12th day of the incubation period, B. bassiana mortality rate was 90.00%, while M. anisopliae mortality rate was 83.64%.

Bulut, Huseyin

Along with rapid urbanization and industrialization, the entry of heavy metals into agricultural land through intensive human activities has increased in the past few decades and consequent soil pollution is at a remarkable level. The persistence of heavy metals and their movement through the food chain have led to intensive studies in this area. In particular, studies are conducted on issues such as preventing the spread of heavy metals, removing them from the environment and reducing their negative effects. In our study, the effect of humic acid in Tarim-92 barley type exposed to heavy metal pollution on the highway was investigated. Tarim-92 barley seeds were grown at a distance of 10, 20 and 40 meters from the highway. The amounts of Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd heavy metals in barley samples were measured with ICP-Ms. It was determined that the amount of heavy metal decreased as the distance to the highway increased, Retrotransposon activity was assessed by IRAP, and 21.87%, 15.62% and 12.50% polymorphism rates were obtained in samples at 10, 20 and 40 meters to the highway, respectively. In the samples where humic acid was applied, it was found that the polymorphism values at the same distances were reduced to 18,75%, 12.50% and 9.37%, respectively, miRNA 156 and miRNA 159 gene expression analyses were conducted, and it was identified that heavy metals caused an increase in the miRNA levels of barley. It was determined that the applied humic acid reduced the amount of heavy metal in the structure of barley and relieved the heavy metal stress. While in Group 1 samples without humic acid application 21%, 25% and 37% reductions in miRNA 156 gene expression level were obtained, in Group 2 samples with humic acid application, 15%, 23% and 46% reductions in miRNA 159 gene expression level were determined It can be stated that in agricultural products exposed to abiotic stresses such as heavy metal, humic acid has a protective effect and reduces the level of stress.

Dogan, Nalan Yildirim; Bulut, Huseyin

The heavy metals are released into the environment due to the activities such as meeting the in-creasing demand for energy, industrial activities, and agricultural pesticides. In many studies, the heavy metals have been proven to have genotoxic effects. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the al-teration of LTR-retrotransposon and genetic diversity induced by heavy metals by using IRAP and RAPD techniques in corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. In the present study, the retrotransposon and genetic diversity levels were examined on the corn and wheat plants added with 500 m interval around the thermic power plant. Using IRAP technique, the genotoxic effect of heavy metals was determined over the retrotransposon mobility. In addition, the genotoxic effect of heavy metals on genetic diversity was also determined using the RAPD technique. According to the results obtained, it was understood that in cereals, which is the main nutrient for humans and animals, heavy metal stress inhibits repair mechanisms that increase DNA damage.

Bulut, Huseyin

It has become increasingly important in the fight against pests that cause more than 50% of annual food production to disappear. Pesticides used against agricultural pests play an important role in increasing the yield. However, pesticides cause various problems such as deterioration of ecological balance, contamination of nutrients, teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in metabolisms, increase of environmental pollution depending on frequency of use. These substances, which have genotoxic effects, can change the structure or gene expression of DNA in a way that cannot be reversed. Different plant extracts and extracts were used differently in different organisms to determine the protective effects of natural antioxidants in order to reduce or prevent the effect of toxins. In our research, the protective effect of vanillylaceton against genotoxic effect caused by 2,4-D isooctylester herbicide was investigated in Aydanhamm, Ince 04 and Tanm 92 barley species. For this, 14.3.3 defense protein gene expression analysis, miRNA 156, miRNA 159 and miRNA 171 expression analyzes were performed. It has been found that the dose of 2,4-D isooctylester herbicide increases gene expression as the stress response in barley species, while vanillylaceton decreases stress level and thus gene expression. In addition, miRNA 156 and miRNA 159 gene regulation showed positive correlation with gene expression and miRNA 171 gene regulation showed negative correlation. Moreover, it was found that 2,4-D isooctylester herbicide showed genotoxic effect at least in Ince 04 and most in Aydanhamm species. Herbicides cause environmental pollution and genotoxic effects in non-target organisms. In the light of the data obtained from our study, vanillylacetone has a protective effect against herbicide stress.

Dalkilic, Huseyin Yildirim

Evaporation, which is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle, is of great importance for developing, planning, operating, and managing water resources. In the present study, the average weekly evaporation and other hydrometeorological data measured by Manasgoan [1] between 1990 and 2004 were modelled using extreme learning machine (ELM), minimax probability machine regression (MPMR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR) methods. Wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, and the number of sunshine hours were used as model input, and evaporation was the output. The correlation coefficient, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and performance index were used as performance criteria in the evaluation of the model results. The model results indicated that the Gaussian process regression (GPR) model is more accurate and provides more successful results compared to other methods.

Ozturk, Halil Ibrahim

In this study, the effects of Tebuconazole substance on pepper seedling quality and the retrotransposing mobility caused in the plant were investigated using morphological and molecular methods. More specifically, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 ppm concentrations of Tebuconazole were applied to the seedlings in the form of leaf spray. According to the findings of this research, it was determined that seedling height and stem height varied significantly according to the doses. It was also determined that all dosage applications in pepper seedlings prevented excessive and unnecessary elongation in seedling and stem heights. Stem dry matter ratio, leaf dry matter ratio, and root dry matter ratio were also determined to vary significantly in accordance with the doses. Furthermore, it was observed that the increase in the dose rate applied decreased the genome stability (GTS) and the rate of polymorphism increased. Dose application of 25 ppm did not cause any change in polymorphism rate and GTS value. When the data obtained from the morphological and molecular methods are collectively evaluated, dose applications up to 75 ppm can reportedly be used in practice as it positively affects the seedling quality and also impacts the stability of the genome at a minimum level.

Bayata, Halim Ferit

In traffic engineering practices, there is a requirement for conducting a healthy vehicle count in order to determine concepts such as macroscopicmesoscopic-microscopic-hybrid modelling, signal and junction optimization and design, transportation plan, traffic effect and corridor analyses, and delay. With the purpose of solving the problem that is encountered in traffic counting at peak hours, an image processing software was developed with a new approach, and the video images that were shot by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) were digitally transferred to the Excel environment by being processed by this software. It was achieved to make traffic counting easier from the traffic that separated from the arms on the junction, and by automated transfer of these data into the computer environment, time savings were achieved. The traffic data of the arms of the junctions were transferred to the Excel environment with 2.84% error rate, they were analysed by the VISTRO, VISSIM and AIMSUN software to produce four different scenarios, and junction performances were compared by establishing models. When the scenarios were compared, the worst performance in terms of queue length, v/c, levels-of-service and delays was obtained in Scenario 3. When the geometries of junctions were taken as without an island, signalled, two-way two-phase controlled, performance dropped. The VISSIM software provided more realistic results in comparison to the other two.

Kardas, Faruk; Atar, Necip; Yola, Mehmet Lutfi

A new sensor approach based on two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) nanosheets/5-[(thiophene-2-yl-methylene-amino)]-2-mercaptobenzimidazole ionic liquid (ILs) was presented for ezetimibe (EZE) detection in drug samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used all nano-PDWHULDOV FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQV. 1.0î10-11-1.0×10-8 M and 1.0×10-12 M were founded as the linearity range and the detection limit (LOD). 2D-hBN/ILs modi-fied electrode was used for drug sample analysis in presence of the other agents.

Aggon, Eser; Ozturk, Nurinnisa; Alp, Hamit Hakan; Siktar, Elif; Agirbas, Ozturk; Bakan, Ebubekir

This study aimed in sedentary subjected to progressive relaxation training (PRT) for determination of the effect of this exercise on MDA, OHdG, and NO levels and SOD and GPx activities. Experimental design was used in this research. Seven healthy, sedentary volunteers were included in the study. All subjects were male and within 15 to 18 years of age. Jacabson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training was applied to the volunteers for 6 six weeks. Before and after the chronic and acute exercise, blood samples were taken from the subjects, and K-Related Samples Friedman test was used for the analysis of repeated measurements and for the comparison of pre- and post-exercise data and chronic and acute mode data. In addition, 2-Related Samples Wilcoxon test was used in the evaluation of the groups as pairs. Our findings showed increases in MDA PRT, and no statistically significant increase in NO levels after PRT in sedentary volunteers. When the effect of relaxation exercise on the antioxidant system is considered, both SOD and GPx activities increased. The effect of PRT on 8-OHdG has been found to exhibit significant increase after PRT. It can easily be said that PRT may be helpful in patients with chronic disease, especially for obtaining a healing and a high quality sleep. In addition, in order for the athletes to feel well and to use their muscles actively, PRT may be helpful. We can conclude that, with respect to human health and physiology, no controversy may be seen in progressive muscle relaxation training.

Bayata, Halim Ferit; Bayrak, Osman Unsal; Pehlivan, Huseyin

By the World Health Organization, traffic accidents in 2013 have been identified as human-caused natural disaster. Since the parameters which cause traffic accidents are numerous, they have a complex structure and they have continuously been a source of interest for analysis by researchers. In this study, D100 (E80) State highway section (422 km) between Erzincan- Agri (Gurbulak) cities in Turkey was investigated by examining the statistical data obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute and Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Highways 12th Regional Directory. For each kilometer lane, widths, Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), the number of accident, injury and death, average velocity, distance (km), the number of links and junctions were determined. The methods of ANN (Artificial Neural Network), Poisson regression and multivariate regression were used to analyze above parameters. The methods used have been evaluated as per R-2, MSE, AIC criteria. It has been found for the ANN method that R-2 (0.93), MSE (0.004), in Poisson regression method R-2 (0.57), MSE (0.33), and in the multivariable regression method R-2 (0.61), MSE (0.26). The results showed that ANN models perform better than the multivariate regression in terms of traffic accidents.