Özdemir, Celal Oral

Türkiye ve İspanya, 20. yüzyılın son çeyreğine yeni anayasalar ve yeni seçim sistemlerini kabul ederek girmiştir. İki ülkede de yasa yapıcılar, seçim sistemlerinin parti sistemlerini şekillendirebileceği tezinden hareketle siyasal sistemi merkezde toplamaya dönük bazı yasal düzenlemeler yapmışlar ve bir süre boyunca bu hedefleriyle uyumlu seçim sonuçları ortaya çıkmıştır. Böylece literatürde Duverger yasası olarak bilinen seçim sistemlerinin parti sistemlerini dönüştürdüğü tezi bir süreliğine doğrulanmıştır. Ancak iki ülkede de sonraki dönemlerde seçim sistemleri dönüşmese dahi parti sistemlerinde dönüşümlerin olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, bu gerçeklikten hareketle seçim sistemlerinde yapılan değişikliklerin parti sistemini doğrudan ve hızlı biçimde değiştirebileceği kabul edilerek, sosyokültürel ve ekonomipolitik sebeplerle seçim sistemleri değiştirmeden de parti sistemlerinin değişebileceği iddia edilmektedir. Bu iddia Türkiye ve İspanya örneklerinde var olan etnokültürel ve (etno)dinsel hareketlerin ekonomik kriz anlarında seçim yasalarına ihtiyaç olmaksızın parti sistemlerini değiştirmesi üzerinden tartışılmaktadır

Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan

This study aims to examine the effects of economic performance and institutional factors on political stability in countries governed by presidential and parliamentary systems, which are types of political systems. Considering Persson & Tabellini’s (2003) political system classification, it has analyzed the relationship between political stability and economic performance, institutional factors, using the ARDL method over the period 2002-2017 for selected countries. According to the results, there is a positive relationship between economic growth, the rule of law, and political stability in presidential systems in the short run. There is a positive relationship between inflation and political stability and a negative relationship between freedom of expression and political stability in parliamentary systems. In the long run, in presidential systems, economic growth, inflation, the quality of regulatory reforms, freedom of expression are positively correlated with political stability; the rule of law and public expenditures are negatively correlated with political stability. In parliamentary systems, while economic growth, the rule of law, quality of regulatory reforms, freedom of expression are positively correlated with political stability, there is a negative correlation between inflation, corruption, public expenditures, and political stability.

Yildiz, Harun; Alhas, Fidan; Yildiz, Sebahattin; Sakal, Önder

The concept of glass ceiling refers to the career barriers in front of women in reaching the senior management positions. These career barriers are caused by male executives, female executives, and the barriers placed by individuals themselves. The concept of glass cliff, on the other hand, is important as it constitutes a new career barrier for women to reach their career goals. The concept of glass cliff refers that women exceeding the glass ceiling find themselves in the senior management position under negative conditions of their company. This concept is a risky position given to women for failing during the crisis periods of company. The factors causing the glass cliff involve personality, gender, organizational performance, organizational factors, group dynamics, and ambivalent sexism. This concept was developed by male managers in order to take the female executives to senior management positions under negative performance conditions of the company and make them say "women cannot be managers anyway" after the failure. Men who want the failure of women who are thought to have a difficulty in coping with stress will assign women as executives during the crisis periods and "push them into a glass cliff". Having the quality of a review, this study aims to introduce the concept of glass cliff and report the studies on glass cliff in literature. The main contribution of this study is that it is the first Turkish study that has ever been conducted regarding glass cliff.