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- ArticleYalnız künye2026The role of air transportation on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries: Novel findings from MMQR methodology
Gümüş Akar, Pınar; Balli, Esra; Manga, Müge; Çatik, Abdurrahman Nazif
This article examines the impact of air passenger and freight transportation, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and FDI on the CO2 emissions in BRICS countries for the 1993–2021 period, utilising panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) estimators and Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) methodologies. According to the findings, air passenger transportation, economic growth, energy consumption and FDI have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while squared economic growth and trade openness have a negative impact. Findings indicate that air freight transportation has no statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions. According to the causality analysis, there is a bidirectional causality between air passenger-CO2 emissions and GDP-CO2 emissions. There is a unidirectional causality from air freight to CO2 emissions, from energy consumption to CO2 emissions and from CO2 emissions to trade openness.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026Nonlinear effects of financial development on energy infrastructure: Insights from nonlinear panel models
Helmi, Mohamad Husam; Balli, Esra; Çatik, Abdurrahman Nazif; Kuziboev, Bekhzod; Ruzmetova, Maxbuba; Makhmudov, Samariddin
This study examines the impact of financial development on energy infrastructure needs in a sample of 85 countries over the period 2000–2023. The analysis combines linear panel estimators with advanced nonlinear methods, including Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), the Instrumental-Variable Partially Linear Functional-Coefficient model (IVPLFC), and the dose–response function. These methods allow us to examine heterogeneity, dynamic persistence, and nonlinear marginal effects. A key contribution of the study is the use of the Energy Infrastructure Needs index, which captures deficiencies across electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and storage, rather than relying on narrower traditional proxies. The results show that stronger financial development significantly reduces energy infrastructure needs. This effect is strongest at earlier stages of financial development, while diminishing marginal effects emerge as financial systems mature. The MMQR results reveal distributional differences across levels of energy infrastructure needs, while the IVPLFC and dose–response results confirm clear nonlinear effects. Overall, the findings show that financial development plays an important but uneven role in reducing energy infrastructure needs. Financially underdeveloped economies benefit most from expanding access to credit, strengthening banking intermediation, and improving liquidity, whereas more financially developed economies require complementary institutional and regulatory reforms to achieve further progress.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2025Assessing the influence of green innovation and environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions in BRICS
Çetinkaya, Ozlem Akguc; Çatik, Abdurrahman Nazif; Balli, Esra; Manga, Muge; Destek, Mehmet Akif
This article examines the effect of environmental policy stringency and green innovation on CO2 emissions in the BRICS nations, using annual data from 1990 to 2019 utilizing panel FMOLS and DOLS estimators and Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR). To this end, we estimate an equation in which CO2 emissions are explained by GDP, trade openness, nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption, the environmental stringency index, and green innovation, as measured by the number of patent applications for environmentally related inventions. FMOLS and DOLS results reveal that GDP, nonrenewable energy consumption, and trade openness have a positive effect on environmental pollution, whereas improvements in renewable energy consumption and environmental regulations lead to a drop in CO2 emissions. However, green innovation does not have a significant effect on CO2 emissions. MMQR estimates demonstrate that the GDP has a positive effect on CO2 emissions across all quantiles, suggesting that a higher degree of economic growth is associated with higher emissions. Based on findings, empirical evidence suggests that BRICS countries should follow the policies encouraging the reduction of nonrenewable energy consumption in the region without harming the development of the economy. Besides, policymakers should promote renewable energy consumption and enhance investment in green innovation to achieve sustainable development and environmental quality.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024The effects of financial development, trade and energy consumption on environmental degradation: Evidence from APEC countries
Balli, Esra; Çatik, Abdurrahman Nazif; Uğur, Mehmet Sedat; Sigeze, Ciler
This paper investigates the relationship among CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, financial development, and trade in APEC countries based on quarterly data from 1985:Q4 to 2020:Q4 utilizing the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR). The results demonstrate that both GDP and energy consumption have a positive and statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions. However, this effect diminishes as the conditional quantile of CO2 increases. Additionally, the study reveals that financial development has a positive and significant impact on CO2 emissions, with its influence increasing at higher quantiles. The MMQR estimates suggest that increasing trade openness has led to improvements in environmental quality. Based on these findings, it is recommended that APEC countries implement environmentally friendly policies to achieve sustainable economic development in the region. Hence, it is essential for financial development, energy consumption, and trade openness policies to align with strategies aimed at reducing environmental degradation.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2022TIME-VARYING LONG-RUN ELASTICITIES OF OIL DEMAND: EVIDENCE FROM AN EMERGING MARKET
Eleyan, Mohammed Abu; Çatik, Abdurrahman Nazif; Balli, Esra
This study estimates the elasticities of the time-varying oil demand function in Turkey. To this end, a time-varying cointegration (TVC) method is utilized that allows for smooth changes in parameters. The TVC findings indicate the variation in long-run parameters over time by rejecting the null hypothesis of time-invariant cointegration. Oil can be considered a necessary good based on inelastic income evidence because time-varying income parameters are statistically significant but inelastic for the majority of the estimation period. However, oil demand in Turkey appears to be unaffected by price fluctuations and is more responsive to changes in real economic activity. As a result, our findings suggest that regulating the price of oil products through the imposition of a consumption tax is not a viable way to reduce oil demand. Our findings emphasize the importance of developing policies that promote indigenous production and increase energy production from renewable sources.
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