Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
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- ArticleAçık Erişim2021The Examination of Convergence Regarding to Inclusive Growth between the Nuts Level 1 Regions In Turkey
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Elverdi, Sevgi
Fair distribution of opportunities enabled by economic growth to different parts of society is as important as the\rquantitative increase in growth. It is possible to mention the inclusiveness of growth and an increase in social welfare\ronly if in case of growth accompanied by equal access to these opportunities. It is required to provide sustainable growth by generating and extending new economic opportunities to let each member of the society attend and utilize\reconomic growth. This becomes possible with inclusive growth. Inclusive growth has recently become a core\rissue in the development strategies of the countries. Each member of the society is enabled to contribute to\rand make use of economic growth using inclusive growth. The study is important within this scope. Based\ron this, in this study, the inclusive growth in Turkey is examined in a general and regional framework for the\rperiod 2006-2019. In terms of the literature reviewed in this study, it has been observed that there is no study\rexamining convergence in terms of inclusive growth for NUTS Level 1 regions in Turkey. In this sense, it is\rthought that the study will make an important contribution to the literature. It is aimed in the present study\rthat to observe how inclusiveness of growth has evolved and to examine the situation of NUTS Regions. Based\ron this, first, the inclusiveness of growth is examined with the method developed by Ali and Son (2007), and\rthen the existence of convergence between regions in terms of equity index of opportunity is tested with\rthe panel unit root test. The findings regarding the country, in general, reveal that there is a decrease in the\rinclusiveness of growth especially after 2016. According to the equity index of opportunity, TR4 East Marmara\rRegion performs the best, while the worst performance belongs to TR1 Istanbul Region. The convergence\rresults for the equity index of opportunity indicate that the TRC Southeast Anatolia Region converges to the\rTR4 East Marmara Region, which has the best performance. The results show that real production activities\rhave an increasing effect on equality of opportunity. The findings that inclusive growth occurs unevenly across\rregions are in line with other studies in the literature.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2020Causality Relationship between Institutional Structure Indicators, Export and Foreign Direct Investments: the Case of Commonwealth of Independent States
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Doğan, Seyhun
In this study, it is aimed to investigate the causal relationships between institutional structure indicators, exports and foreign direct investment in Commonwealth of Independent States countries. The reason for the selection of this country group is that these countries implement policies within the framework of structural transformation after leaving the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In the present study covering the period 2000-2017; the share of exports in GDP, the share of net foreign direct capital inflows in GDP, the government efficiency index, the political stability index and the rule of law index were chosen as variables. As a result of the study in which Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis was applied; a one-way causal relationship from the rule of law to the share of exports in GDP and to political stability was found. Meanwhile, one-way causal relationships from the government effectiveness index to export share in GDP and to share of foreign direct investment inflows in GDP were found. Summary In recent years, greater importance has been attached to the relationship between institutional structure and national/international economic activities. There have been a growing number of empirical studies that show an increase in the indicators which measure institutional structure. These studies examine the effects of institutional structure on various economic indicators for different country groups within particular periods. Findings from the empirical studies have revealed an important relationship between institutional structure and economic activities. In this study, the causal relationship among some institutional indicators, the share of exported goods and services and foreign direct investments to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which are the indicators of a country’s level of integration in the global economy was analyzed. The share of exported goods and services in GDP indicates the capability of a country to integrate with the global economy. The share of net inflow of foreign direct investments in GDP is also an important indicator for an economy since it captures the power of that economy to attract the attention of global investors. Both of these indicators clearly contribute to the GDP of a country. Export and foreign direct investment share in GDP are also measurements of a country’s integration with the global economy. When it comes to institutional structure, there are some relevant indicators that have been released by the World Bank. An analysis of the impact of these institutional indicators on an economy has become a vibrant topic in the field of economics. The indicators used in this study were political stability, government effectiveness and the rule of law. The main idea of this study was to analyze whether institutional factors have an impact on the overall economic performance of particular countries. Causality analysis was used on these variables in order to reach some relevant conclusions to this research question. Countries from the Commonwealth of Independent States were selected to analyze this causal relationship. Since they became independent after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both economic and institutional transformations were vital for them to make progress in terms of development. All the variables used in the study were obtained from the World Bank database. The export indicator was used in logarithmic form. However, the other variables could not be used in logarithmic form since they have negative values. The Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test which can be applied in the case of both having and not having cross-section dependence was used in this study. The Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis tests the null hypothesis representing no causal relationship for each cross-section against the alternative hypothesis representing causal relationship for some cross-section units. The series is required to be stationary in order to apply the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test. For that reason, the cross-section dependence of the series was detected first, and then unit root tests were applied depending on the results of the cross-section dependence test. After detecting the integration level of the series, all series with unit root were transformed into a stationary series by differentiating. After that, cross section dependence of the residuals that belong to the models representing causal relationships was analyzed in order to decide on whether to apply a first-generation or second-generation causality test. Results of the study revealed that there is indeed a causal relationship from government effectiveness and from rule of law to export share in GDP. There is also a one-way causal relationship from government effectiveness to foreign direct investments share in GDP. A causal relationship among institutional indicators themselves were also analyzed. According to these results, there is a one-way causal relationship from rule of law to political stability. By considering these outcomes, it can be summarized that institutional factors have a fundamental impact on the level of openness to the global economy with respect to the Commonwealth of Independent States’ countries. Rule of law as an indicator which reflects the confidence of the applicability of law and respect to property rights has a measurable impact on the share of exported goods and services in GDP. Furthermore, government effectiveness as an institutional indicator, which reflects the trust in government to implement the stated policy successfully, is a cause of export share in GDP and foreign direct investment in GDP. Briefly, trust in government policies in the countries from the Commonwealth of Independent States is a direct cause of integration into the global economy. It is also important to realize the interconnectedness of these institutional indicators. Results of the analysis indicate that a causal relationship exists among these institutional factors. As a re
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2020Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Ticari Açıklığın ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi: E7 Ülkeleri Örneği
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Bayrakdar, Seda
Ülkelerin küresel değer zincirine adapte olmalarının iki önemli bileşeni, ülkeye girendoğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve ticari açıklıktır. Ülkelerin küresel ekonomi ile bütünleşmefaaliyetlerinin altında, bu faaliyetlerin ülke ekonomisine olumlu katkı sağlaması beklentisi yeralmaktadır. Kuşkusuz bu iki iktisadi faaliyet, bir ülkedeki birçok makroekonomik göstergeyi deetkilemektedir. Bu makroekonomik göstergelerin en önemlilerinden biri ise istihdamdır.Bu kapsamda, bu çalışmada E7 ülkeleri için ticari açıklık ve doğrudan yabancı sermayeyatırımlarının GSYH’deki payının istihdam üzerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir. 1993-2017 döneminikapsayan çalışma sonucunda, ticari açıklık ve istihdam arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki tespitedilemezken; doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının GSYH’deki payı ile istihdam arasında uzundönemli bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Yapısal kırılmalar altında yapılan eşbütünleşme analizi sonucundadoğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımı değişkeninin istihdam değişkeni üzerinde Çin, Endonezya ve Rusyaiçin pozitif; Brezilya ve Hindistan için ise negatif etkiye sahip olduğu bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Türkiyeve Meksika için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir sonuç elde edilememiştir. Yapısal kırılma sonuçlarıincelendiğinde ise, analiz bulguları bu iki değişken arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkinin E7 ülkelerindehem küresel hem de ülkelere özgü krizlerden etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2020Ekonomik karmaşıklık düzeyi ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: asean ülkeleri örneği
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Akiş, Elife
İkili yapının hakim olduğu gelişen ülkeler geleneksel kesimden (tarım) modernkesime (sanayi) geçiş yaparken, üretimleri de düşük katma değerli ve bilgi içeriğidüşük mallardan, yüksek katma değerli mallara doğru bir geçiş sergilemektedir.Yapısal dönüşüm olarak adlandırılan bu geçiş sürecinde, üretim niteliği değişimgösterirken, ülkelerin enerji ihtiyaçları ve enerji tüketimleri de artmaktadır. Bu durum,özellikle küresel ısınma sebebiyle çevresel duyarlılığın daha da arttığı günümüzde,gelişen ülkelerin yapısal dönüşümü çevresel kötüleşme pahasına mı gerçekleştirdiğisorularını akla getirmektedir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada, Dünya Bankası raporundada belirtildiği gibi, 1965’ten itibaren önemli bir büyüme performansı sergilemeyebaşlayan ve küresel değer zincirinde önemli birer ülke konumuna gelen ASEAN’ınkurucu ülkelerinde, yapısal dönüşüm ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkisiincelenmektedir. Ekonomik karmaşıklık indeksi, son dönemlerde yapısal dönüşümütemsil eden bir değişken olarak kullanılmaktadır. Söz konusu ülkeler için 1990-2014dönemi kapsamında ekonomik karmaşıklık indeksi ve CO2 emisyonu arasındakieşbütünleşme analizi sonuçları, ekonomik karmaşıklık indeksinin uzun dönemdeTayland, Filipinler ve Endonezya’da CO2 emisyonu üzerinde negatif etkisinin olduğunuortaya koymaktadır. Bir diğer ifadeyle, uzun dönemde adı geçen ülkelerin ekonomikkarmaşıklık düzeyi arttıkça, CO2 emisyonları azalmaktadır.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2020Investigation of Effects of Corruption on Trade and Financial Globalization in BRICS-T Countries
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Bayrakdar, Seda
Although the globalization processes of countries have been examined in the context of many economic variables, institutional structure affecting these economic variables has been emphasized more frequently in recent years. Undoubtedly, one of the important elements of this institutional structure is corruption. Corruption, together with increasing economic globalization, significantly affects the commercial and financial relations of countries with the other countries. In the present study, taking this importance into consideration, the relationship between globalization and corruption has been analyzed within the scope of BRICS-T countries, which are emphasized as economies with the potential to shape the future. The findings of Westerlund cointegration analysis, which covers the period 1996-2017, have not revealed long-term relationship between trade globalization and corruption. However, the findings for Russia and Brazil have revealed positive long-term relationship between financial globalization and corruption. In other words, the more control of corruption, the more financial globalization within these countries.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2020An Investigation of Turkey’s Competitiveness on Different Products Groups in Automotive Sector via Revealed Comparative Advantage Index
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet; Bilgin, MH; Danis, H; Karabulut, G; Gozgor, G
Competitive power in international trade is one of the most desirable targets of countries in today’s globalized world. Thus, the importance of international competitiveness that has been a fundamental issue since the rise of the international economic theory is increasing for various products. Within this scope, it is so prominent to analyze product groups in which countries have comparative advantages from past to present in order to detect the problems and to determine the existing situation. In this context, with reference to the importance of countries in the existing global structure, investigation of comparative advantage of Turkey in the production of motor vehicles constitutes the subject of this study. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index, which has been suggested by Liesner first and then developed by Balassa, is used to determine the comparative advantage of Turkey in the production of motor vehicles from 1989 to 2016. Findings indicate that new competitors exist in automotive sector and that the competitiveness of Iran and the Eastern European countries will be determinant in the medium-and long-term position of the Turkish automotive industry in global markets.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2019An investigation on the factors affecting agricultural value added: the case of E7 countries
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet
In the structural transformation accompanying the development process of developing countries, it is necessary to switch from labor-intensive and low value-added agricultural production and natural resource based growth to growth process based on high value-added and advanced technology. Depending on the different value-added structures of the developed and developing countries in agricultural production, the main objective of the study is to determine the current situation of the emerging economies in agricultural production and the factors determining the effectiveness of these countries in the sector. In this context, the relationship between economic complexity index (ECI), political stability index, government efficiency index and agricultural value added is examined by causality analysis. As a result; while the government effectiveness index influenced both the ECI and the agricultural valueadded, causal relationship from political stability to government effectiveness was found. A causal relationship from ECI to the agricultural product valueadded has been found, as well as a causality from the agricultural value added to the government effectiveness index.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019Türkiye ve Rusya Arasındaki Ticari İlişkilerin Kompleks Ağ Yaklaşımı ile Sektör Bazlı Analizi
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet
Türkiye, Rusya ile köklü siyasi ve tarihsel bağlarının yanısıra önemli bir ticari ilişki içerisindedir. Türkiye’nin toplam ihracatı içindeki payı 2000 yılında % 2,3 ve 2010 yılında % 4 iken,2016 yılında % 1 seviyesine gerilemiştir. İthalattaki payına bakıldığında ise 2000 yılında % 7,1 olan Rusya’nın payı, 2010 itibariyle % 11,6 seviyesine yükselmiştir. 2016 yılında ise Türkiye’nin toplam ithalatının % 7,6’sı Rusya’dan yapılmıştır. Türkiye’nin toplam ihracatındaki payı çok yüksek olmamakla birlikteRusya, Türkiye’nin ithalatında önemli bir paya sahiptir. Bu daTürkiye’nin Rusya’ya bağımlılığını göstermektedir. Zaten Rusya’ya özellikle enerji açısından olan bağımlılık bilinen bir husustur. Bu çalışmada, bu denli önemli bir ticaret ortağı ile olanbağlantıların, genel rakamlardan öte niteliksel olarak analizedilmesi amacıyla, iki ülke sektörleri arasındaki ilişkinin girdiçıktı tabloları ile analizi yapılacaktır. World Input-Output Database (WIOD) veri tabanından elde edilen veriler kullanılarakağ analizi yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada, analiz dönemi verilerin erişilebilir olduğu 2000-2014 dönemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, iki ülke arasındaki ticaretin sektörelanalizi ve bunun yıllar içerisindeki değişimi incelenmektedir.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019Ülkelerin iktisadi gelişmişlik ve iktisadi karmaşıklık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki: G8 ülkeleri örneği
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Nişancı, Murat; Uçar, Metin
Ülkelerin makro iktisadi gelişmişlik ve refah düzeylerini ölçmeye ilişkin çok sayıda gösterge bulunmakla birlikte, ülkelerin birbiri ile karşılaştırılmasında en yaygın kullanılan gösterge kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyidir. Bununla birlikte, son dönemlerde ülkelerin refah düzeylerini belirleyen ve gelecek büyüme performanslarını etkileyen önemli bir göstergenin ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. İktisadi karmaşıklık endeksi denilen bu gösterge, ülkelerin ürettikleri ve ihraç ettikleri ürünlerin karmaşıklık seviyesinden hareketle, söz konusu ekonomilerin karmaşıklık seviyelerini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada da dünyanın gelişmiş ve sanayileşmiş 8 ülkesi olarak tanımlanan G8 ülkelerinde iktisadi karmaşıklık endeksi, kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyi ile ihracat arasındaki ilişkiler panel nedensellik analizi ile incelenmektedir. Granger nedensellik testi sonuçları kişi başına düşen gelirden iktisadi karmaşıklık düzeyine doğru nedensel bir ilişki ortaya koyarken, Dimitrescu-Hurlin testi sonuçları ihracattan kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyine ve iktisadi karmaşıklık düzeyine doğru nedensel bir ilişki göstermektedir.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019The Relationship Between Sectoral Value Added and Structural Transformation: An Investigation For CEE Countries and Turkey
Soyyiğit, Semanur
In today's economy, where the characteristic of trade between countries is changing, the countries that produce and export more sophisticated products are more competitive than the countries that produce and export more products numerically. This highlights the concept of structural transformation in economies. Together with the structural transformation, a transition from agricultural products with low productivity to industrial and service sectors that have higher productivity takes place. Recently, the concept of economic complexity is used as an indicator that can reflect this structural transformation. With reference to this relationship, in this study, impact of sectoral value added of agriculture, manufacturing and services sectors on economic complexity level in Central and Eastern European countries (that are also members of the EU) and in Turkey is examined. As a result of the study, it was found that the manufacturing and service sectors in Slovakia and Slovenia and service sector in Czech Republic had a significant and positive impact on the level of economic complexity. Nevertheless, it has been found that the added value of these three sectors in Latvia, Estonia and Turkey had negative impact on the level of economic complexity.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019The relationship between middle income trap and structural transformation: The case of selected countries
Soyyiğit, Semanur
Many studies on middle income trap draw attention to the product trap that can be expressed as the fact that countries are stuck in the production and export of unsophisticated products. In this sense, it is stated that the role of a country in the production and export of sophisticated goods is one of the determinant factors to increase the level of income. In the literature, the concept of economic complexity, which is expressed as gaining competitiveness of complex products in terms of production and export, is noteworthy in recent years. In this framework, relationship between the per capita GDP and the economic complexity is examined with regression analysis in this study for selected countries with high-level of income. In the analysis, in which random coefficient panel regression model is applied, a significant relationship was found between the two variables for Austria, Finland, Hong Kong, Japan, Norway, Singapore and Sweden.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - Conference ObjectYalnız künye2019Investigation of Global Production Network via Network Analysis
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Yavuzaslan, Kıymet; Procházka, D.
Network analysis, used to analyze complex systems from neurology to social networks and transportation, has become also a popular tool to analyze complex network structures in economics. Most popular fields of economics in which network tools are used are international trade and finance. However, the global input–output network has also become a new field that is analyzed via network tools, recently. The advantage of network analysis is to provide some high-degree indicators compared to standard tools give first-degree indicators. Because the data used in network analysis include all bilateral connections between nodes and the resulting statistics reflect the feature of the whole system. That is why results obtained from network analysis are more informative than the results of standard analyze tools. In this study, we aim to analyze global input–output tables via network tools. In today’s globalized world, each part of a final product is produced in different countries rather than being produced in a single country from beginning to end. As a result of these flows, global value chains have started to be called global production network. Thus, it is so important to reveal inter-sectorial connections to foresee the impact of a probable demand-shock or a supply-shock. In this context, we aim to analyze global input–output network by using WIOD data for the selected years. Thus, we analyze the evolution of network structure and centrality of global sectors during the period.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2018Uluslararası Zeytinyağı Piyasasının Kompleks Ağ Analizi
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet
Sağlıklı yaşamın sembollerinden biri haline gelen zeytinyağı tüketimi dünyada 1990'lardan itibaren artış göstermiş ve günümüz dünyasında vazgeçilmez bir besin haline gelmiştir. Ancak zeytinyağının ana maddesi olan zeytin ürünü dünyada sadece belirli bölgelerde yetiştirilebildiğinden, bu pazarda karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğü olan az sayıda ülke bulunmaktadır. Diğer taraftan bir ürünün bu denli sınırlı üretici tarafından piyasaya sürülmesi de tarımda sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından söz konusu ülkelerin önemini arttırmaktadır. Dünya nüfus artışı ile paralel olarak artan talebi karşılamak üzere, bu ülkelerin ürün arzını yıldan yıla arttıracak politikalar izlemeleri, tarımda sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından önemlidir. Bu anlamda çalışmada, dünya zeytinyağı ticaretinin 1995 yılından 2015 yılına kadar olan dönem içerisindeki analizi yapılmaktadır. Çalışmada, standart istatistiki metotlara göre daha sağlıklı sonuçlar vermesi nedeniyle son dönemlerde popüler özellik kazanan ağ yaklaşımı kullanılmaktadır. Bulguların merkez-çevre yapısı olduğunu ortaya koyduğu bu pazarda, ağdaki merkez ülkeler ve bunların zamansal değişimlerini belirlemek üzere merkezilik ölçümü incelenmiştir.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2018An Analysis of The Olive Export and The Importance of Turkey in The International Market by Using Network Analysis Approach
Soyyiğit, Semanur; Yavuzaslan, Kiymet
Olive production in the world is only made in certain regions. Turkey is one of the important olive producing countries thanks to taking place in the area where olive product is grown. The olive product produced in the Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean, Southeastern Anatolia and Black Sea regions is an important product to be overemphasized as being an important export item and also being means of living for agricultural population in Turkey. Along with the increasing importance of both the olive oil and the table olive in parallel with the idea of healthy living, the importance of olive product in international trade has also increased. Therefore, Turkey's position in the world olive market and the evolution of this position over time will be examined in this study via network analysis. Network analysis has emerged as a popular tool in recent years to analyze international trade networks in both general and sectoral meaning. The fact that the indicators obtained as a result of the network analysis reveal the significance of the countries in international trade taking into account the overall trade relations in the network often has different results from the order of importance determined according to the countries' share in the world trade. In this sense, network indicators are regarded as more preferable than the first-degree indicators. In this study, Turkey's position in the global olive trade is examined by using bilateral export data over the period 1995-2015 via network tools. The findings of the study reveal that export impact of Turkey in this global network increases after 2000 but begins to decline after 2011. It is also found that the export impact of Turkey is affected by periodicity.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2018OECD Kurucu Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Kompleksite Düzeyi ile Kişi Başına Düşen GSYH Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi
Soyyiğit, Semanur
Toplumların refahını arttıran unsurların ne olduğuna yönelik iktisadi düşünceler Antikçağ filozoflarından berisorgulanan bir konudur. Bununla birlikte, Merkantilisitlerin ülkelerin sahip oldukları değerli maden miktarına,Fizyokratların toprağa bağladıkları refah, Sanayi Devrimine paralel olarak Smith’le birlikte ticarete bağlı bir olguolarak ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu dönemden itibaren geleneksel uluslararası ticaret yaklaşımı çerçevesinde, ülkelerinmevcut kaynakları ile yapacakları ihracat hacimlerinin yüksek olması, ülkelerin büyüme ve gelişmelerine olumlu katkısağlayan bir unsur olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Buna karşılık artık ülkelerin ihracat yapılarının kompleksite derecesisürdürülebilir büyümenin itici gücü olarak görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışmada OECD kurucu ülkeleri açısından,ekonomik kompleksite düzeyi ile kişi başına düşen GSYH düzeyi arasındaki ilişki 1990-2016 dönemi için incelenmektedir.Panel eşbütünleşme analizinin yapıldığı çalışma bulguları panelin geneli için iki değişken arasında istatistiki olarakanlamlı bir ilişki ortaya koymazken; birimler için Avusturya, Kanada, Yunanistan, İrlanda ve ABD için pozitif ve Norveçiçin negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu sonucunu vermektedir.
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