Are tourists afraid of the unknown? Examining the role of travel constraints and tourist xenophobia with symmetric and asymmetric perspectives

This study aims to investigate the role of tourists’ xenophobia and travel constraints in terms of affecting image and choice of a given destination within the framework of generations. Although many existing studies have examined destination preference from different perspectives, the lack of analyses with specific references to generations and tourist xenophobia is striking. Therefore, it is believed that studying these structures on the basis of the complexity perspective paves the way for providing specific suggestions to researchers and destination management organizations. To this end and specifically, this study endeavors to reveal the importance of elements influencing the intention of potential Turkish tourists to visit France as a target destination using symmetric and asymmetric models. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.