Akkuş, Tuba

This study presents a comprehensive review of coherent to Compton scattering intensity ratios reported in the literature from 1961 to 2024. Organized chronologically, it compiles findings from approximately 100 publications. Coherent to Compton scattering intensity ratios have been applied across diverse fields. Notably, most studies employ this ratio for qualitative and quantitative analyses and for determining the effective atomic number. Numerous investigations have also measured these ratios for individual elements and compounds. The coherent to Compton scattering technique is an X-ray-based method used to analyze materials by comparing the intensities of two types of scattered radiation (coherent and incoherent). By measuring the intensity ratio of these two scattering processes at a fixed angle, researchers can determine properties such as the effective atomic number or chemical composition of a sample. This non-destructive technique is especially useful for distinguishing between materials with similar densities or atomic numbers.

Yılmaz, Demet; Akkuş, Tuba

In this study, albedo parameters are experimentally measured to determine radiation scattering features of some thermoluminescent dosimetry materials (TLD 100, TLD 100h, TLD 200 and TLD 400). In experimental setup, it was used scattering angle of 168°, 59.54 keV gamma rays and HPGe detector. The effective atomic numbers of the investigated materials were determined from the coherent to Compton scattering intensity ratio. Also, the mass attenuation coefficient, the mass energy absorption coefficient and kerma relative to air and ICRU tissue were calculated for the TLD materials. It was observed that TLD 100h is the best tissue equivalent material among other TLD materials and best reflects 59.54 keV gamma rays.

Akkuş, Tuba; Yılmaz, Demet; Uğurlu, Mine

The effect of enhancement factor on the angular dependence of Ll/Lγ, Lα/Lγ and Lβ/Lγ X-ray intensity ratios for Sm, Hf, Pb and U elements have been measured by using the 59.54 keV photon energy. The binary systems are prepared as Sm-CeO2, Hf-CeO2, Pb–CeO2 and U–CeO2. The samples have been analyzed in EDXRF system. The measurements are made in scattering angles of 85°, 95°, 105°, 115° and 125°. The L X-ray spectra from different samples were detected by a Si(Li) detector. The results show that the intensity ratios of L X-rays to be greater than expected due to the enhancement effect.

Akkuş, Tuba

The albedo factors (number, energy and dose) of the samples with various mean atomic number have been investigated at a scattering angle of 180°. Fourteen different samples in the mean atomic number range 9.743≤Z‾≤83.00 were prepared with bismuth and cellulose powders by using dilution technique. Thus, albedo factors have been investigated in a wide atomic number range. The samples were irradiated by 59.54 keV gamma rays emitted from a241Am point source with 0.43 MBq activity. The scattered γ-rays were counted by an HPGe detector with a resolution of 182 eV at 5.9 keV. It is observed that albedo factors decrease with the increasing atomic numbers. Also, albedo factors (number, energy and dose) for in the atomic range 9.743≤Z‾≤83.00 are found as 6.295 × 10-3≤AN≤4.251 × 10-3, 5.106 × 10-3≤AE≤3.448 × 10-3 and 5.750 × 10-3≤AD≤3.883 × 10-3, respectively.

Durdaǧi, Sevil

In this work, X-ray emission lines of the Lα, Lβ, Lγ and Ll groups in elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er were studied to examine the influence of 0.6. T and 1.2. T external magnetic field. The measurements were done using an energy dispersive Si(Li) detector with photon excitation by radioisotopes. A significant dependence of the L X-ray emission lines was observed for Sm but no discernible effect on the Pr Lα/. Lγ intensity ratio was observed. Likewise no significant effect of external magnetic field on the various Lα/. Ll intensity ratios was observed. For B=0, the results are compared with the theoretical data and experimental results in literature. The results demonstrate that the relative intensities are more susceptible to the external magnetic field than the energy shifts.

Porikli, Sevil

A systematic study of L X-ray spectrum has been made on the elements Dy, Ho and Er in the pure form elements and compounds to look into the influence of chemical effect. The vacancies were created by 59.54keV γ-rays from an 241Am radioactive source. The L X-ray emission spectra of heavy elements taken with the currently available Si(Li) detectors show four or five distinct peaks. Corrections for sample absorption and spectrometer efficiency were applied to the measured relative intensities. The results show agreement with the theoretical predictions of Scofield (Scofield, 1974a).

Han, I.; Porikli, S.; Sahin, M.; Demir, L.

Lα, Lβ and total L X-ray fluorescence (XRF) cross-sections have been measured for the nine elements (Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb and I) using photon energy 5.96 keV. In these the elements, Lα and Lβ spectra were derived from the measured L-shell spectra by fitting process. Experimental results of Lα, Lβ and total L X-ray fluorescence cross-sections have been compared with theoretical results. The experimental results of L XRF cross-section are found to be in agreement with the theoretical values.

Baştuǧ, Arif

The cross-sections for the production of Lι, Lα, Lβ and Lγ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in Er, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi by photons with energies in the range 38-59.5 keV have been measured, using a standard doublereflection experimental set-up. Measurements have been performed using an annular 241 Am primary source and X-ray emitting secondary-exciter system. Experimental cross-sections have been compared with the theoretically calculated values of L X-ray cross-sections and fairly good agreement is observed between the experimental and theoretical values.

Tuzluca, F.; Söǧüt, Ö.; Büyükkasap, E.; Durdu, B.G.; Küc-ükönder, A.

The probabilities of vacancy transfer, ηL3M, ηL 3M1, ηL3M4, ηL 3M5, ηL3N, ηL3N1, ηL3N4, ηL3N5, ηL 3O1 and ηL3O4,5 from L 3 subshell to M, N and O shells and subshells for the elements Hf, Ta, W, Re, Pt, Au, HgO, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U have been measured using L shell fluorescence yields and X-ray intensity ratios. These experimental values were obtained from samples excited by 59.5-keV γ-rays, which were emitted from an 241Am radioisotope source. Also K and L X-rays emitted from samples were measured by means of Si(Li) detector with a resolution of 155 at 5.9 keV. The results obtained from this study are compared with the results of other studies.

Gürol, A.; Karabulut, A.; Polat, R.; Budak, G.; Şahin, Y.; Ertuǧrul, M.

L-subshell and total L-shell photoeffect cross-sections were experimentally determined at 59.5 keV using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for Pb, Au, W, and Ta. The obtained experimental results were compared with theoretical and available experimental values.