Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
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- ArticleYalnız künye2024Machine Learning-Aided Synthetic Air Data System for Commercial Aircraft
Kilic, Ugur; Cam, Omer; Can, Erol
Air data inertial reference system (ADIRS) parameters are very important for the safe flight of an aircraft. The ADIRS consists of air data inertial reference units (ADIRUs) and the air data reference (ADR) part of the ADIRU, which provides the air data [altitude (ALT), angle of attack (AOA), airspeed, and temperature information] examined in this study. ADR is essential to continuously ensure accurate and precise information to the flight management guidance computers (FMGCs), electronic flight instruments system (EFIS), and other systems on the aircraft for reliable and safe flight operation. This study estimated the ADR parameters (altitude, angle of attack, airspeed, and temperature) to obtain a synthetic air data system for data continuity in the event of any sensor failure on the aircraft using correlated data. According to correlation analysis, the angle of attack, computed airspeed (CAS), and static air temperature (SAT) data have the highest correlation with the stabilizer position (STAB), whereas the altitude data have the highest correlation with the low-pressure engine spool rotational speed (N1). The AOA, CAS, SAT, and ALT parameters were estimated by decision tree, support vector machine, and Gaussian process regression models using real flight data collected from a local airline. The Gaussian process regression model was better at generalizing the data set for data estimation than were the other machine learning methods used in this study. MATLAB version R2023a software was used in all operations.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024A new high-frequency multilevel inverter effecting cables weight and energy efficiency of aircraft
Can, Erol; Kilic, Ugur
Purpose: Static inverters are very important for the emergency energy distribution system of aircraft and similar machines. At the same time, the electrical energy produced at high frequency for electrical devices is used to reduce the weight of the cables in the aircraft and spacecraft because of the skin effect. In the high-frequency system, a thinner cable cross-section is used, and a great weight reduction occurs in the aircraft. So, fuel economy, less and late wear of the materials (landing gear, etc.) can be obtained with decreasing weight. This paper aims to present the development of a functional multilevel inverter (FMLI) with fractional sinus pulse width modulation (FSPWM) and a reduced number of switches to provide high-frequency and quality electrical energy conversion. Design/methodology/approach: After the production of FSPWM for FMLI with a reduced component, which, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is presented for the first time in this study, is explained step by step, and eight operating states are given according to different FSPWMs operating the circuit. The designed inverter and modulation technique are compared by testing the conventional modular multilevel inverter on different loads. Findings: According to application results, it is seen that there is a 50% reduction in cross-section from 100 Hz to 400 Hz with the skin effect. At 1000 Hz, there is a 90% cross-section reduction. The decrease can be in cable weights that may occur in aircraft from 10 kg to 100 kg according to different frequencies. It causes less harmonic distortion than conventional converters. This supports the safer operation of the system. Compared to the traditional system, the proposed system provides more amplitude in converting the source to alternating voltage and increases the efficiency. Practical implications: FSPWM is developed for multilevel inverters with reduced components at the high frequency and cascaded switching studies in the power electronics of aircraft. Social implications: Although the proposed system has less current and power loss as mentioned in the previous sections, it contains fewer power elements than conventional inverters that are equivalent for different hardware levels. This not only reduces the cost of the system but also provides ease of maintenance. To reduce the cable load in aircraft and create more efficient working conditions, 400 Hz alternative voltage is used. The proposed system causes less losses and lower harmonic distortions than traditional systems. This will reduce possible malfunctions and contribute to aircraft reliability for passengers and cargo. As technology develops, it is revealed that the proposed inverter system will be more efficient than traditional inverters when devices operating at frequencies higher than 400 Hz are used. With the proposed inverter, safer operation will be ensured, while there will be less energy loss, less fuel consumption and less carbon emissions to the environment. Originality/value: The proposed inverter structure shows that it can provide energy transmission for electrical devices in space and aircraft by using the skin effect. It also contains less power elements than the traditional inverters, which are equivalent for different levels of hardware.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024Deep learning-based forecasting modeling of micro gas turbine performance projection: An experimental approach
Kilic, Ugur; Villareal-Valderrama, Francisco; Ayar, Murat; Ekici, Selcuk; Amezquita-Brooks, Luis; Karakoc, T. Hikmet
Performance forecasting of aeroengines is crucial for achieving better operational efficiency, ensuring safety, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impact in the aviation industry. It enables engineers and researchers to make informed decisions, leading to advancements in technology and the overall evolution of aviation. This study is focused on the effects of flight conditions on the performance of a turbojet, which in consequence affects the environmental aspect of operation. By investigating the relationships between aeroengine efficiency and performance indicators such as thrust, shaft speed, and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and flight characteristics expressed in terms of environmental and operational conditions, the study seeks to elucidate these connections. The article's significance lies in its successful application of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to predict thrust, shaft speed, and EGT variations in turbojet engines under varying flight conditions. Experimental data from a turbojet test bench is processed with deep learning, specifically LSTM recurrent neural networks that are developed based on Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB). The model inputs are free stream air speed, compressor inlet pressure, combustor inlet temperature, combustor inlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, nozzle inlet pressure and fuel flow, and the outputs are thrust, shaft speed and EGT. Predicted thrust closely aligns with actual thrust values, though with minor discrepancies. Shaft speed predictions exhibit a similar trend, while EGT predictions showcase a comparable pattern with slight variations. Despite the prediction errors, a thorough evaluation of median values, box plots, and probability density functions confirms that the models effectively capture available information, though discrepancies may arise from measurement inaccuracies and initial engine conditions. These results show that it is possible to accurately predict turbojet performance using LSTM recurrent neural network. This research paves the way for enhanced aeroengine performance prediction, particularly in scenarios requiring off-board or high-performance applications.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2023A detailed emission analysis between regional jet and narrow-body passenger aircraft
Kilic, Ugur
In this study, a comparison in terms of environmental impact is carried out between regional jet and narrow-body passenger aircraft with different Maximum Take-Off Weights (MTOW) and seating capacities considering the fuel burn and emissions. The flight trajectory is selected from Erzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport to Ankara Esenboğa Airport and that trajectory is a frequently performed domestic flight between Erzincan and Ankara. Integrated Aircraft Noise and Emissions Modelling Platform (IMPACT) developed by EUROCONTROL is used for the calculation of fuel burn, CO2, H2O, and other gas emissions (NOx, SOx, CO, HC, soot, and other trace compounds) for the per phase of flight. These emissions have an impact on human health, air quality, and the ecosystem, and cause air pollution, climate change, and global warming worldwide. Commercial air-transport-based simulations are created for regional jet and narrow-body passenger aircraft. According to the results, flying with regional jets which have lower MTOW from/to airports such as Erzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport, where the passenger density per aircraft is low, provides advantages in terms of fuel burn and emissions. It is expected that this study will serve as a guide for airline operators for fleet selection based on fuel burn and emission parameters.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2023Travel option-based environmental comparison between passenger aircraft and high-speed rail
Çam, Ömer; Kilic, Ugur
The short-haul flights have higher emission values than medium or long-haul flights when emissions per distance are considered. In this study, the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing short-haul flights which carried out by a narrow-body commercial aircraft from/to Konya City in Turkey with regional jets or high-speed trains (HSRs) has been investigated. The flight trajectory is selected from Konya Airport to İstanbul Sabiha Gökçen Airport, and that trajectory is a frequently performed domestic flight between Konya and İstanbul. The IMPACT platform is used for the calculation of fuel burn and gas emissions. According to the results, traveling with regional jets or high-speed trains from/to Konya City which is the most 15th polluted city in Europe, provides advantages in terms of environmental impact. Traveling with HSR which is the best traveling option in this study, provides approximately 3.3 times more green travel than the currently used narrow-body passenger aircraft between Konya and İstanbul. In addition, this mode of transportation can become more environmentally friendly by using renewable energy sources to produce its electricity needs. It is expected that this study will serve as a guide for airline and high-speed rail operators and regulators to determine the most environmentally efficient travel options based on fuel burn and emission parameters.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2023Deep Learning-Based Airspeed Estimation System for a Commercial Aircraft
Kilic, Ugur
Airspeed data is so important for an aircraft operation. This study is focused on the estimation of the airspeed data without any additional measurement source such as hardware redundancy. The flight data obtained from a commercial aircraft is processed with a deep learning algorithm, particularly LSTM recurrent neural networks that are developed based on Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB). Correlation analysis is carried out for related data according to a 95% confidence interval for each coefficient in the study to show strong predictor candidates. Data related to the airspeed are processed using Holdout Cross-Validation Technique. According to the results, the designed model achieved an R-squared of 0.9999, a root-mean-squared error of 0.8303 knots, and a standard error of 0.0092 knots. These results show that it is possible to accurately estimate aircraft airspeed data using LSTM recurrent neural network in case of the airspeed data cannot be provided to the flight crew.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - Proje2023İnsansız Hava Araçları İçin Algılayıcı Arızası Tespiti, Sistemin Yeniden Yapılandırılması Ve İzlenmesi
Kilic, Ugur; Can, Erol
İnsansız hava araçları günümüzde fotoğraflama, kişisel, ticari, tarımsal, arama kurtarma, gözetleme, askeri ve diğer birçok alanda çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Ancak sistem yedeği, arıza tespiti ve ataletsel bilgilerin ekranda gösterimi ve yer istasyonu gibi diğer uçuş sistemlerindeki gelişmiş özellikler, çoğu insansız hava aracında bulunmamaktadır. Bazı insansız hava araçlarına bu özelliklerin çok küçük bir kısmı gömülü halde gelmektedir. Ancak detaylı kontrol ve takip uygulaması için gömülü gelen bu özellikler yeterli olmamaktadır. Bundan dolayı bu projede insansız hava araçlarından özellikle döner kanatlar için bir uçuş izleme sistemi tasarlanması ile bu araçların herhangi bir algılayıcı arızasından dolayı düşmesinin önüne geçilmiş olacaktır ve bu sayede daha doğru bir kontrol sağlanırken, özellikle hava aracı üzerindeki pahalı kamera ve çekim sistemleri gibi faydalı yükler korunacaktır. Proje dahilinde alınan hava aracı belirli uçuş durumlarında uçurularak uçuş verileri toplanmıştır. Ardından her bir algılayıcıyı (cayro, ivme ve GPS) etkileyen veriler formülasyon ve korelasyon analizi ile bulunmuştur. Elde edilen verilere göre her bir algılayıcı için Matlab yazılımında Yapay Sinir Ağları modeli oluşturulmuştur ve verilerin bir kısmı ile model eğitilirken, verilerin geri kalan kısımları ile test işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Korelasyonlu veriler makine öğrenmesi yönteminin girişini oluştururken incelenen algılayıcı değeri tahmin edilen sistem çıkışını oluşturmuştur. Algılayıcı arızaları için analitik hesaplar yapılarak bulunan alternatif veri sisteminin devreye alınması ile çözüme gidilmiştir. Hava aracının daha doğru ve güvenli bir biçimde kontrol edilebilmesinin yanı sıra arıza durumları, hava aracının hareketleri ve ilgili tüm parametreler LabVIEW yazılımında tasarlanan yer istasyonu yazılımıyla ekrandan anlık olarak takip edilmiştir.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2023A comparison of the environmental impact of turboprop and turbofan-powered aircraft
Kilic, Ugur
Purpose: This study aims to examine turboprop- and turbofan-powered aircraft, with the same seating capacity flying on the same route and trajectory, and investigate their environmental effects. Design/methodology/approach: The integrated aircraft noise and emissions modeling platform developed by EUROCONTROL is used for the calculation of fuel burn, CO2, H2O and other gas emissions (NOx, SOx, CO, HC, soot and other trace compounds) for the per phase of flight. Findings: The striking findings are that turboprop-powered aircraft offer lower required thrust, fuel consumption and total emissions for a short-haul flight, but turbofan-powered aircraft have lower particulate matter, CO and HC emissions than turboprop-powered aircraft. This study suggests that turboprop-powered aircraft are superior to turbofan-powered aircraft in terms of environmental impact for a short-haul flight. Practical implications: The current research conducts comprehensively fuel consumption and amounts of emissions aspects of turboprop- and turbofan-powered aircraft for sustainable development of airlines by a versatile simulation approach and sheds light on airlines intending to create fleets. Originality/value: The research offers a systematic aircraft selection for investigators, scientists, airline operators, policy analysts and legislators, by a comprehensive computer simulation method that acknowledges consistently the fuel consumption and detailed emissions analysis of turboprop- and turbofan-powered aircraft.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2023Performance based analysis for the Ankara-London route in terms of emissions and fuel consumption of different combinations of aircraft/engine: An IMPACT application
Ekici, Selcuk; Ayar, Murat; Kilic, Ugur; Karakoc, T. Hikmet
This study analyzes two types of aircraft offered to the industry by two different manufacturers on an identical route and trajectory for commercial aviation and the noxious emissions resulting from equipping these aircraft with the most frequently used engine combinations today. The research covers the most recent Base of Aircraft Data (BADA v4.2_1), the Aircraft Noise and Performance (ANP v2.3), and the ICAO Engine Emission Database (254-ICAO EDDB25/FOCA) based integrated aircraft noise and emissions modelling platform (IMPACT) developed by EUROCONTROL. The striking findings in fuel consumption and emissions of four different scenarios during identical flight operations are detailed. The research presents the application of a systematic aircraft-engine pair decision mechanism for investigators, scientists, airline operators, policy analysts and legislators, in accordance with a comprehensive computer simulation method that consistently acknowledges the fuel consumption and emissions analysis of aircraft-engine parings.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2023Digital twin for Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring by machine learning algorithms
Kilic, Ugur; Yalin, Gorkem; Cam, Omer
Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) parameters play a vital role in the operation of an aircraft to reduce the workload of the cockpit crew. A wide-body commercial aircraft with a triple-spool turbofan engine is examined within the scope of the study. This study is focused on the estimation of the ECAM primary engine parameters: Engine Pressure Ratio, Exhaust Gas Temperature, Fuel Flow, and Shaft Speeds without any additional measurement for data continuity. The recorded flight data obtained from a commercial aircraft is processed with machine learning methods, and the most suitable estimation method is tried to be determined. Correlation analysis is carried out for each data in the study to show strong predictor candidates. The modeling process is conducted by using MATLAB. Results indicate that the Fine Decision Tree is better at memorizing data, while the Wide Neural Network is better at generalizing data. Computational results show that the developed models are outstandingly precise and accurate to estimate aircraft's ECAM data to ensure flight safety for health and performance monitoring of an engine. Thus, when an unreliable situation occurs while performing the flight in practical conditions, the cockpit crew will be able to overcome this situation by Digital Twin.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - Conference ObjectAçık Erişim2016Analysis of pulmonary and hemodynamic parameters for the weaning process by using fuzzy logic based technology
Kilic, Ugur; Gulluoglu, Mehmet Tahir; Guler, Hasan; Kaya, Turgay; Dregvaite, G.; Damasevicius, R.
This study aims to achieve accurate weaning process which is very important for patient under mechanical ventilation. The developed weaning algorithm was designed on LabVIEW software and fuzzy system designer part of LabVIEW software was used during to develop that algorithm. The developed weaning algorithm has six input parameters which are maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), tidal volume on spontaneous breathing (TVS), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate, respiration per minute (RPM) and body temperature. 20 clinical scenarios were generated by using Monte-Carlo simulations and Gaussian distribution method to evaluate performance of the developed algorithm. An expert clinician was involved to this process to evaluate the each generated clinic scenario to determine weaning probability for the each patient. Student t-test for p < 0.05 was used to show statistical difference between the developed algorithm and clinician’s evaluation. According to student t-test, there is no statistical difference for 98.2 % probability between the developed algorithm and the clinician’s evaluation of weaning probability.
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