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- ArticleAçık Erişim2026Functional Lightweight Concrete Systems for Sustainable Load-Bearing Applications: Experimental Assessment of Perlite-Modified Reinforced Concrete Beams
Polat, Melih Sakir; Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Kucuk, Mesut; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Yalciner, Hakan; Ayaz, Yasar
The increasing demand for sustainable structural materials in the construction industry has intensified the need to develop high-performance and environmentally efficient reinforced concrete systems. In this context, the incorporation of functional material-enhanced concrete systems, including raw lightweight aggregates such as perlite, offers a promising pathway for reducing environmental impact while maintaining adequate structural performance. This study experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams incorporating raw perlite aggregates within a functional material-enhanced structural framework. A total of four RC beams with identical geometry and reinforcement details were produced, including perlite aggregate beams (P25 and P40) and conventional aggregate beams (C25 and C40), corresponding to compressive strength classes of 25 MPa and 40 MPa. All specimens were tested under monotonic flexural loading conditions. The structural response was evaluated in terms of load–displacement behavior, stiffness degradation, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, moment–curvature response, and failure modes. The results indicate that perlite aggregate beams exhibit reduced stiffness and energy dissipation capacity compared to conventional counterparts at comparable mixture-average compressive-strength levels. However, the high-strength perlite beam (P40) demonstrated comparable flexural capacity and ductility to the normal-strength conventional beam (C25), highlighting its potential for sustainable structural applications. Furthermore, a building-scale environmental assessment based on a representative three-story reinforced concrete structure demonstrates that the use of raw perlite aggregates significantly reduces energy consumption, CO2-equivalent emissions, and water usage. From a functional materials perspective, the findings provide a basis for the future development of multifunctional load-bearing concrete systems, where lightweight aggregate substrates can be combined with protective or performance-enhancing coating technologies to achieve improved durability, environmental resistance, and structural efficiency. This integration could further enhance durability and long-term structural performance in load-bearing applications.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026Experimental evaluation of reinforced concrete columns produced with natural perlite aggregates under cyclic loading
Atlı, Sefa; Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Ayaz, Yaşar; Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Bulut, H. Alperen; Naimi, Sepanta
A total of four reinforced concrete (RC) columns were tested to compare the structural capacities of RC columns produced by natural perlite aggregates and conventional concrete. The structural performance of the RC columns made from natural perlite aggregates was compared to conventional RC columns regarding the same concrete strength levels, sectional properties, and reinforcement layouts of conventional RC columns. The RC columns were tested under a combined constant axial load ratio of 30% with cyclic loading for two concrete strength levels, namely, 25 and 40 MPa. Load–displacement curves, energy absorption capacities, stiffness degradation, the moment-curvature relationship, the plastic hinge mechanism, and the ductility index were experimentally obtained at two different concrete types along with the measured stress–strain properties of the conventional and perlite concrete. The test results showed that the construction of the RC columns using only perlite may become possible in the future by providing an adequate concrete stress–strain capacity, which will be improved. Additionally, the use of natural perlite aggregates can contribute to sustainable construction practices by reducing the reliance on conventional aggregates.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2026The effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with raw perlite aggregate
Ozturk, Akif Berke; Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Yalciner, Hakan; Ayaz, Yaşar
Deterioration caused by elevated temperatures in the micro- and macrostructure of concrete can lead to significant reductions in its mechanical performance, making it crucial to assess the residual behavior of concrete elements after thermal exposure. This study experimentally investigates the effects of elevated temperatures (25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C) on cubic and prismatic specimens produced with two different aggregate types (raw perlite aggregate and conventional coarse aggregate) across four mixtures (C25, C40, P25, and P40). Destructive (compressive and flexural strength) and non-destructive (ultrasonic pulse velocity, scanning electron microscopy) tests were conducted before and after thermal loading. Increasing the temperature to 600 °C reduced the compressive strength of conventional mixtures by 34.91 % (C25) and 41.79 % (C40), whereas perlite-based concretes exhibited significantly lower reductions of 9.91 % (P25) and 12.80 % (P40). Mass loss remained negligible (<2 %) up to 200 °C, increased to 4–6 % for conventional mixtures and 6–11 % for perlite-based mixtures at 400 °C, and reached 25–40 % and nearly 47 %, respectively, at 600 °C. UPV results revealed a substantial degradation in internal integrity at high temperatures, with decreases of 49–60 % in conventional concretes and only 16–17 % in perlite-based mixtures at 600 °C. Although the flexural strength of P25 and P40 was initially lower at 25 °C, their post-heating performance became comparable to conventional mixtures, showing similar residual flexural behavior at elevated temperatures. SEM observations further confirmed that perlite-based concretes exhibited fewer microcracks and reduced matrix deterioration compared to conventional mixtures. Overall, the findings clearly demonstrate that raw perlite aggregate significantly enhances the thermal resistance, internal stability, and residual durability of concrete, making it a promising sustainable alternative for structures exposed to elevated temperature environments.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026What Changed in Post-Earthquake Reinforced Concrete Damage in Türkiye? A Comparative Study from 1992 (Erzincan) to 2023 (Malatya)
Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Çelik, Alper
This study presents a damage-based comparative assessment of reinforced concrete buildings affected by the 1992 Erzincan earthquake (Mw 6.8) and the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence (Pazarcık, Mw 7.7; Elbistan, Mw 7.6), two destructive earthquake events in Türkiye separated by nearly three decades. A distinctive contribution of the study is the presentation of original color photographs from the 1992 Erzincan earthquake, systematically documented and comparatively evaluated for the first time and directly compared with post-earthquake field observations from Malatya following the 2023 earthquake sequence. To complement the field-based evidence, representative strong ground motion records from both earthquake events were processed and compared using standard seismic intensity and spectral response parameters. The spectral evaluation indicates that the 1992 Erzincan ground motion and the 2023 Elbistan-related motion recorded in Malatya imposed comparable seismic demands relevant to typical reinforced concrete buildings, thereby providing a rational basis for cross-event damage interpretation. Despite substantial advances in Turkish seismic design codes, recurrent damage mechanisms were observed in both building stocks, particularly soft-story formation, short-column effects, inadequate transverse reinforcement, poor beam–column joint performance, and deficiencies in material quality and detailing. The findings demonstrate that seismic safety cannot be improved through code development alone unless design provisions are consistently translated into construction quality, detailing practice, inspection, and field implementation.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2026Seismic Performance and Nonlinear Flexural Behavior of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Columns: An Analytical and Parametric Study
Çelik, Alper; Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila
This study presents an analytical investigation and a parametric evaluation of the structural behavior and seismic performance of highly corroded reinforced concrete (RC) columns, based on previously conducted experimental studies by the authors. In the analytical phase, moment–curvature relationships were obtained by considering the deterioration of the mechanical properties of both concrete and reinforcing steel due to corrosion in RC column specimens. By linking the sectional moment–curvature response with the element-level behavior observed in the experimental program, the plastic hinge lengths and rotational capacities of the corroded RC columns were determined. Subsequently, a parametric study was carried out using the analytical framework developed in the first phase on a set of 48 RC column models. In this investigation, axial load ratio, concrete compressive strength, corrosion level, section type, and concrete cover depth were considered as key parameters. The results of the combined experimental and analytical investigations demonstrate that the adopted section analysis approach successfully captures the nonlinear flexural behavior observed in the corroded specimens and provides a reliable basis for evaluating the structural performance and for supporting the assessment of seismic performance of deteriorated RC columns.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2025An experimental evaluation on structural performance level of corroded reinforced concrete frames
Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Ayaz, Yaşar; Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila
A total of 5 full-scale Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames were tested to develop new models for predicting the structural behavior of corroded RC frames and to verify the accuracy of the models mostly developed for RC columns. Four corroded and one non-corroded RC frame were tested under cyclic loading. Corroded RC frames were tested under displacement-controlled cyclic loading at four corrosion levels and for a constant applied axial load ratio of 0.20, with the same concrete compression strength level and reinforcement bar layout. Actual corrosion ratios were obtained following the loading tests, breaking all RC columns and beams and extracting all reinforcement bars from concrete. The test results demonstrated that the corrosion level played an active role in the structural capacity of the RC frames. Initial corrosion crack widths had more significant effects on structural performance. Some models proposed for corroded RC columns can also be used for corroded RC frames in terms of yield and ultimate load capacities according to the corrosion levels of the columns and beam composing the RC frame. It was also concluded from the test results that the displacement-based ductility ratio for corroded RC frames could still be misleading if they were not computed according to energy-based or bilateral failure criteria. Structural properties such as initial/secant stiffness and energy absorption capacity calculated based on experimental measurements for RC frames had further disclosed corrosion effects.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025The Assessment of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Case Study from Erzincan, Türkiye
Turan, Ahmet İhsan
Reinforced concrete (RC) structures constructed in accordance with earthquake regulations and design principles are subjected to numerous effects, including wind, dead, live, snow, rain, seismic loads, and environmental effects on their service life. One of the most common problems caused by environmental effects is corrosion that occurs in the reinforced concrete reinforcement bar. Concrete can protect the reinforcement bar with sufficient strength and durability properties and undamaged cross-section integrity from corrosion under normal conditions. However, poor concrete quality, high permeability, insufficient concrete cover thickness, and workmanship defects can lead to corrosion of the reinforcement bars. Corrosion in the reinforcement bars can weaken the mechanical properties of the material and shorten the service life of the structure. In this study, the deterioration of concrete and reinforcement in a reinforced concrete structure built in 1982 in Erzincan was investigated using both destructive and non-destructive methods. The aim of examining these materials together was to evaluate the parameters affecting corrosion mechanisms at the material level as well. The results were interpreted by evaluating the climatic data (precipitation, humidity, wind, and temperature) and air quality at the structure's location. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that the increasing corrosion rate causes deterioration in the mechanical properties of the reinforcement bars and that this deterioration is closely related to the type of corrosion. Additionally, it was concluded that the temperature differences and air pollution in Erzincan caused structural deterioration in reinforced concrete elements and accelerated corrosion of the reinforcement bars.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Prediction of seismic performance levels of corroded RC frames based on crack width
Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Yalciner, Hakan; Ayaz, Yaşar
In reinforced concrete (RC) structures, corrosion of the reinforcement due to environmental factors or concrete components poses significant risks to both structural integrity and safety. Reinforcement corrosion, can be visually detected through cracks in the concrete cover, and this situation offers a practical approach to associating corrosion-induced cracks with structural parameter degradations caused by the corrosion mechanism. In this study, a total of five RC frame specimens were fabricated, with one specimen not exposed to corrosion and four specimens exposed to different levels of corrosion through the accelerated corrosion method, all having the same cross-section and material properties. In the experiments conducted under a constant 20 % axial load and cyclic repeated load effects, the structural performance indicators of the RC frame specimens were examined. Within the scope of the study, two experimental models are proposed. The first model aims to estimate the loss in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement bar based on crack width, while the second model was oriented towards estimating the energy consumption capacity of the specimen for a specific displacement ratio based on the loss in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement. The results revealed that as the corrosion ratio increased, the crack widths of the specimens also increased, and after a 1.5 % drift ratio, there was a significant decrease in the energy consumption capacities of the corroded specimens.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - CorrectionYalnız künye2024Corrigendum to “Torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams with corroded reinforcement” [Structures 20 (2019) 476–488, (S2352012419300931), (10.1016/j.istruc.2019.05.013)]
Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Turan, Ahmet İhsan
The journal regret to find that [Figure presented] Fig. 8b is not printed in the paper.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Moment-Carrying Capacities of Reinforced Concrete Frame Systems Corroded by Accelerated Corrosion Method; [Hızlandırılmış Korozyon Yöntemiyle Paslandırılan Betonarme Çerçeve Sistemlerinin Moment-Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Deneysel ve Analitik İncelenmesi]
Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Ayaz, Yaşar; Yalçıner, Hakan; Kumbasaroğlu, Atila; Çelik, Alper
Technical investigations carried out after the devastating earthquakes in Turkey in the last 25 years show that one of the main causes of damage to reinforced concrete structures is reinforcement bar corrosion. The deterioration caused by reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete elements reduces the parameters that define the performance level of the structure, such as ductility, stiffness, bond-slip relationship, load carrying capacity, and energy absorption capacity. Therefore, determining the specified performance levels of reinforced concrete structures exposed to corrosion before any seismic activity occurs is of great importance in preventing loss of life and property. Cross-section behavior in reinforced concrete structures represents the load-bearing element behavior In order to accurately determine the section behavior, the Moment-Curvature relationship must be defined. In this study, the structural behavior of reinforced concrete frames exposed to corrosion was examined experimentally and analytically. For this purpose, 4 of the 5 reinforced concrete frame specimens constructed were corroded at different ratios using the accelerated corrosion method. After the corrosion process was completed, in the experimental part of the study, all specimens were tested under the effect of a 20% constant axial load and reversal-cyclic loading. In the analytical study, as a result of the cross-sectional analyzes carried out by taking into account the material-mechanical properties changing with the effect of corrosion, it was determined that the calculated moment values were in high predicted with the experimentally measured moment values.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - CorrectionAçık Erişim2024Corrigendum to “Torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams with corroded reinforcement” [Structures 20 (2019) 476–488, (S2352012419300931), (10.1016/j.istruc.2019.05.013)]
Yalciner, Hakan; Turan, Ahmet İhsan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila
The journal regret to find that Fig. 7c is not printed in the paper.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2022An experimental study on seismic performance levels of highly corroded reinforced concrete columns
Celik, Alper; Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Turan, Ahmet İhsan
In the literature, only one empirical model is available as a nondestructive method for the prediction of seismic performance levels of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) columns as a function of the initial corrosion crack width at lower corrosion levels. Because of the ruptured transverse reinforcement bars at higher corrosion levels, the structural behavior may turn brittle in terms of shear failure. Therefore, in this study, higher corrosion levels for a different concrete strength level from that empirical model were studied. To do this, four RC columns were subjected to accelerated corrosion, and the widths of initial corrosion cracks were measured. The corroded RC columns were then tested under combined constant axial load and cyclic lateral displacement excursions. After the cyclic loading test, the actual corrosion levels at each reinforcement bar were obtained by extracting the reinforcement bars from the concrete. Test results showed that the prediction of seismic performance levels of corroded RC columns based on initial corrosion crack widths were limited owing to the nonlinear increase in the crack width with the increase in the corrosion levels. New empirical models were developed to predict the remaining energy capacities and seismic performance levels of the corroded RC columns.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019Torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams with corroded reinforcement
Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Turan, Ahmet İhsan
An experimental study was conducted to investigate the pure torsional moment capacities of corroded reinforced concrete beams. An accelerated corrosion pool was used to corrode the reinforcement bars embedded in reinforced concrete beams. Seven reinforced concrete beams at corrosion levels between 0% and 17% were examined under pure torsion tests. The actual corrosion levels were obtained by breaking the concrete and extracting the reinforcement bars from the concrete after the torsion tests. An empirical model was developed to predict the pure torsional moment capacities of the reinforced concrete beams as a function of the corrosion level. The experimental results showed that, compared to the cracking torque, the maximum torques and dissipated energy capacities of the corroded reinforced concrete beams were significantly reduced as the corrosion level increased. Nonuniform shear flow originating from the nonuniform formations due to corrosion through the depth of the diaphragm produced different cracking patterns. The failure modes of the corroded reinforced concrete beams were more severe if the diagonal compression struts were joined with bond cracking.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2018Confinement Effect of Geo-grid and Conventional Shear Reinforcement Bars Subjected to Corrosion
Yalciner, Hakan; Kumbasaroglu, Atila; Ertuc, İbrahim; Turan, Ahmet İhsan
An experimental study was performed to examine the effects of polyester geo-grid as a shear reinforcement bar for corroded and uncorroded reinforced concrete beams. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of geo-grids on flexural strength, moment-curvature, bond–slip and crack patterns for uncorroded and corroded reinforced concrete beams. For each parameter, a geo-grid confinement technique was compared with conventional reinforced concrete beams as a function of corrosion level. The experimental program consisted of testing ten reinforced concrete beams for two different configurations of shear reinforcement bars at six different corrosion levels (0% and approximately 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9%). Test specimens were subjected to an accelerated corrosion method to corrode the reinforcement bars using a full-scale corrosion pool. Actual corrosion levels were obtained from fully extracted reinforcement bars by breaking the concrete. At the same overall corrosion levels which were differed at longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars at the same applied corrosion current time for different RC beams. Obtained actual corrosion levels with the aid of fully extracted reinforcement bars from concrete provided to examine the effect of corrosion levels by considering the type of reinforcement bars. The results indicated that the performance of the polyester geo-grid was very poor compared to conventional steel stirrups, even at this stage of corrosion. It was found that the utility of a geo-grid as shear reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete beams is not proper.
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