Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Berberis crataegina DC.: In vitro and in vivo studies, and phytochemical analysis

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, often results in complications that impact vital organs such as the liver and kidneys. Due to the high morbidity and mortality of diabetic complications, there is a need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this study evaluates the therapeutic effects of Berberis crataegina, which contains bioactive compounds with potential hepatoprotective and nephroprotective benefits, on liver and kidney function in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced using alloxan, and after a 19-day treatment period, biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed on blood and tissue samples. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined, while LC-MS/MS analysis identified the major bioactive compounds. In diabetic rats, liver enzymes significantly increased, and serum insulin levels decreased, indicating hepatic and pancreatic dysfunction. However, treatment improved these parameters, reduced HbA1c levels, and led to improved glycemic control. Histopathological analysis showed severe renal and hepatic damage in diabetic rats, which was significantly mitigated by treatment. Antioxidant assays demonstrated strong free radical scavenging ability, as shown by DPPH and FRAP activities, which correlated with high total phenolic and flavonoid content. In addition, LC-MS/MS analysis identified quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid as the major bioactive compounds, further supporting the plant's potent antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. These findings suggest that Berberis crataegina has significant potential to protect against diabetes-induced liver and kidney damage and improve glycemic control, highlighting its therapeutic potential for diabetes management. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd