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- ArticleYalnız künye2026The role of air transportation on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries: Novel findings from MMQR methodology
Gümüş Akar, Pınar; Balli, Esra; Manga, Müge; Çatik, Abdurrahman Nazif
This article examines the impact of air passenger and freight transportation, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and FDI on the CO2 emissions in BRICS countries for the 1993–2021 period, utilising panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) estimators and Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) methodologies. According to the findings, air passenger transportation, economic growth, energy consumption and FDI have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while squared economic growth and trade openness have a negative impact. Findings indicate that air freight transportation has no statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions. According to the causality analysis, there is a bidirectional causality between air passenger-CO2 emissions and GDP-CO2 emissions. There is a unidirectional causality from air freight to CO2 emissions, from energy consumption to CO2 emissions and from CO2 emissions to trade openness.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2025Comparative analysis of Brazil-Russia-India-China-SouthAfrica-Turkiye in terms of environmental pollution indicators using multi criteria decision making methods
Karabulut, Turgut; Manga, Müge
This study aims to determine the ranking of criteria contributing to environmental pollution for Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa-Turkiye countries using multi-criteria decision-making methods based on average data for 2023. It also aims to rank the selected countries according to their performance. Environmental pollution criteria include carbon dioxide emissions, ecological footprint, per capita national income, renewable energy in primary energy consumption, trade, net foreign direct investment inflows, population, environmental policy stringency index and environmentally related technologies. The findings were determined according to the expert opinion-based method as follows: fossil energy use (0.123), carbon dioxide emissions (0.118), population (0.108), per capita national income (0.104), trade (0.099), environmental technologies (0.095), net foreign direct investment inflows (0.094), ecological footprint (0.093), environmental policy stringency index (0.090) and renewable energy in primary energy consumption (0.075). Accordingly, the ranking of the countries—from best to worst—was Turkiye, India, Brazil, South Africa, China and Russia. However, according to the objective method, the variable weights were determined as population (0.152), net foreign direct investment inflows (0.121), environmental technologies (0.118), national income per capita (0.108), fossil energy use (0.101), trade (0.095), ecological footprint (0.094), renewable energy in primary energy consumption (0.089), carbon dioxide emissions (0.062), environmental policy stringency index (0.055). Accordingly, the ranking of the countries—from best to worst—was Turkiye, India, South Africa, Brazil, China and Russia.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024Examining the Effects of Renewable Energy and Economic Growth on Carbon Emission in Canada: Evidence from the Nonlinear ARDL Approaches
Erdoğan, Esma; Serin Oktay, Duygu; Manga, Müge; Bal, Harun; Algan, Neşe
Increasing industrial activities trigger the intense use of fossil fuels and increase the number of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Countries with a high share in current carbon emissions need to expand their use of renewable energy sources. Canada is an important energy producer and consumer globally. In this regard, its decisions are important for the future development of global emissions. This study examines the asymmetric effects of economic growth, renewable energy, and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions in Canada from 1965 to 2017. In the first stage of the analysis, unit root testing was performed for the variables. For this, Lee-Strazicich (2003), ADF and PP unit root tests were used. The nonlinear ARDL method was used to analyze the relationship between variables. and Measures: In order to analyze the relationship between the variables in the established model, renewable energy consumption (%), non-renewable energy consumption (%), and carbon emissions (per capita-Mt). In addition, the economic growth (constant price 2010- US$) parameter was added to the model as a control variable. The findings support that energy consumption, economic growth, and renewable energy have an asymmetric effect on carbon emissions in the long run. The positive shock in renewable energy reduces carbon emissions, and a unit increase in renewable energy reduces carbon emissions by 1.29%. Besides, the negative shock in economic growth greatly deteriorates the quality of the environment; that is, a 1% reduction in economic growth causes emissions to increase by 0.74% in the long run. On the other hand, positive shocks in energy consumption have a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions. A 1% increase in energy consumption causes 1.69% carbon emissions. There are important policy implications for Canada to eliminate carbon emissions, increase the share of renewable energy sources and achieve its economic growth targets. In addition, Canada needs to reduce its consumption of non-renewable energy (such as gasoline coal, diesel, and natural gas).
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Comparative Analysis of OECD Countries in Terms of Basic Science and Technology Indicators Using Entropy and WASPAS Methods
Yavuz, Selahattin; Manga, Müge
Practical analysis of the policies implemented by countries successful in the field of science and technology is crucial, especially in the context of optimal policy selection for countries needing technological development. In this context, ranking the world’s countries in terms of technological development is important for increasing the effectiveness of the policies to be implemented in this field. This study ranks 28 OECD countries on seven key science and technology indicators in 2022 using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. In the analysis, first, the importance of the variables was ranked based on the entropy method. Then, a ranking was made among the selected countries in terms of technological performance using the weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) method. The findings obtained with the WASPAS method were confirmed with the additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method. Among the identified variables, the export market (share of computer, electronics and optics sector) parameter was selected as the most dominant criterion. Korea, Germany, Japan, France and the Netherlands were determined to be the best performing in terms of basic science and technology indicators. On the other hand, it can be said that Chile, Latvia, Luxembourg and Lithuania need more effective policies in terms of technology and innovation indicators. In this context, it can be suggested that the policies implemented by countries at the forefront in technological development should be a guide for other countries.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024Unleashing power of financial technologies on mineral productivity in G-20 countries
Cevik, Nuket Kırcı; Cevik, Emrah I.; Destek, Mehmet Akif; Bugan, Mehmet Fatih; Manga, Müge
This study aims to investigate the effects of financial technologies (FinTech) on mineral productivity, used for the first time in an empirical analysis, for G-20 countries. In the process, the impacts of financial technology, population, economic growth, trade openness, human capital, and total factor productivity on mineral productivity are examined using panel regression and panel VAR procedure for the period from 2002 to 2019. Empirical research yielded evidence indicating that increasing factor productivity and finance technology drive an increase in mineral productivity. Nonetheless, there is an inverse relationship between trade openness and mineral productivity. Moreover, there is no statistically significant relationship between economic growth, population growth, human capital accumulation, and mineral productivity. Furthermore, we also utilized with method of moments quantile regression technique to observe the effects of explanatory variables on different quantiles of mineral productivity. The findings demonstrate that although economic growth has a negative effect on mineral productivity across all quantiles, a positive increase in factor productivity has an influence on mineral productivity across all quantiles. However, financial technology and human capital accumulation only benefit mineral productivity at huge quantiles. Additionally, the outcomes of the robustness check techniques used show that financial technologies and mineral productivity have a bidirectional causal link and that, in the former instance of positive shocks in the latter, there are positive and substantial reactions.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Foreign investments and load capacity factor in BRICS: the moderating role of environmental policy stringency
Yıldırım, Metin; Destek, Mehmet Akif; Manga, Müge
This research examines whether environmental regulations have a moderating effect on the link between foreign direct investment and the environment, as well as the effect of foreign capital investments on environmental quality for BRICS nations. In this approach, using second-generation panel data methodologies for the period 1992–2020, the impacts of foreign direct investments, real national income, consumption of renewable energy, and environmental stringency index on the load capacity factor are explored in the base empirical model. In order to test if there is any evidence of a potential parabolic link between economic growth and environmental quality, the model also includes the square of real national income. In addition, in the robustness model, the moderating role of environmental policy on foreign investment and environmental quality is checked. Empirical results show a U-shaped association between environmental quality and economic development. The usage of renewable energy and the environmental stringency index is also shown to improve environmental quality, although foreign direct investments decrease it. Finally, it is determined that environmental regulations are effective in undoing the negative impacts of foreign capital investments on environmental quality, demonstrating the validity of their moderating function.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024High-income developing countries as pollution havens: Can financial development and environmental regulations make a difference?
Destek, Mehmet Akif; Yıldırım, Metin; Manga, Müge
The argument that foreign direct investments inflows in developing countries harm the environmental quality of these countries is evaluated within the scope of Pollution Haven Hypothesis. However, the Pollution Halo Hypothesis, the counterargument, contends that foreign investment has several positive effects on the environmental circumstances in the host nation. Therefore, firstly the unit root properties of variables and cointegration existence among variables are checked with newly developed panel data techniques that both allows cross-sectional dependence and structural breaks. In addition, using recently established CS-ARDL technique for high-income developing nations (BRICS-T), this research examines the effects of foreign direct investment on the environment as well as whether environmental regulations and financial development have changed the potential haven hypothesis into the halo hypothesis for the period from 1995 to 2020. The pollution haven theory holds true for these nations, according to the results of empirical research. On the other side, it is determined that tighter environmental restrictions support the environmental quality, and the usage of renewable energy also improves environmental quality, even if economic growth harms environmental quality. In addition, it is found that both regulations and financial development has a moderating role on reversing the haven to halo.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Does economic globalization trigger de-industrialization in Western Balkan countries? Empirical evidence based on augmented mean group estimator
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
Integration into the global economy can cause shifts in industries and decrease the industrial sector's share. Deindustrialization, which refers to declining industry share, is commonly observed in developed countries. However, many developing countries have also experienced deindustrialization without attaining a high economic level in the era of globalization. Since transitioning to a market economy and integrating with the European Union (EU), deindustrialization has become a significant issue for Western Balkan countries. Thus, our paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on the deindustrialization process in five Western Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia by using panel data spanning 2000–2019. Our study involved the creation of two models utilizing the augmented mean group (AMG) estimation method to ensure precise results. Our research shows that in model I, the economic globalization index, economic growth, capital investment, and the rule of law positively impact industry employment share. In model II, trade openness and economic growth positively affect manufacturing value-added; however, capital investment and the rule of law have a negative impact. Our findings indicate that economic globalization promotes industrialization in the Western Balkans instead of leading to deindustrialization. The panel causality results from Dumitrescu–Hurlin indicate that in model I, there is a one-way causal relationship going from economic globalization and capital investment to the share of industry employment. In model II, the causal relationship goes from economic growth and the rule of law to manufacturing value-added, from manufacturing value-added to trade openness and capital investment.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024The Influence of Financial Development on Wealth Inequality in Capitalism: Fresh Evidence From Emerging Countries
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
Our study focuses on how financial development (FD) affects wealth inequality (WI) in ten emerging countries from 1995 to 2020. These countries include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Türkiye. We analyzed the impact of economic growth (EG) and trade openness (TO) on WI using the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator. Our research showed that FD leads to an increase in WI among panel groups, particularly in Brazil, China, Mexico, and the Philippines. Additionally, EG and TO have a positive effect on WI for panel samples. We also found a two-way causality relationship between FD and WI, EG and WI, and WI and TO. Our paper concludes with a policy recommendation that government intervention is crucial in ensuring that lower-income individuals have equal access to financial assets.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2024Can digital government reduce the resource dependency? Evidence from method of moments quantile technique
Destek, Mehmet Akif; Hossain, Mohammad Razib; Manga, Müge; Destek, Gamze
The conventional thinking states that pervasive government corruption may turn resource plenty in resource-rich countries into a burden. These issues may surface, particularly when the public sector uses conventional procedures. Based on this, the research looks at how the public sector's digitalization might aid in resolving this issue. Specifically, economic growth, trade openness, economic complexity index, public sector size, and the impacts of digitalization are assessed in relation to their reliance on natural resources for 16 nations that are vulnerable to the “curse of the natural resource” Furthermore, the moderating influence of digitalization on the link between the growth of the public sector and the resource curse is investigated. In this case, the years 1995–2021 are investigated using the CS–ARDL methodology, and the robustness of the results is evaluated using the Moments Quantile Regression method. The CS-ARDL approach's findings indicate that trade openness, public sector size, and economic progress all correlate with increased resource reliance. However, as the economy becomes more complex and digitalized, resource dependency declines. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the interaction term parameter between digitalization and the growth of the public sector is negative, indicating that digitalization within the public sector has the potential to counteract the growing reliance of the sector on resources.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2023Towards A Political Economy of Renewable Energy: Does Democracy and Globalization Matter for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs); [W kierunku ekonomii politycznej energii odnawialnej: czy demokracja i globalizacja mają znaczenie dla krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (CEEC)]
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
Renewable energy policy is one of the remarkable parts of the sustainable development path. However, the polit-ical-economic dimension of renewable energy policies is not so much widely discussed. Besides, democracy and globalization are essential factors affecting renewable energy. Hence, this paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption, democracy, and globalization in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) during the period 1995-2021. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are used as control variables in the model. The study employs the panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) estimation technique to quantify the relation-ship between renewable energy consumption, democracy, and globalization by including economic growth and CO2 emissions. The findings from the PVAR analysis suggest that participatory democracy and globalization pos-itively affect renewable energy consumption, while liberal democracy, economic growth, and CO2 emissions have a negative impact on it. Furthermore, the PVAR Granger causality test outcomes indicate an interactive causal relationship between variables.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2022Investigating the potential of renewable energy in establishing global peace: Fresh evidence from top energy consumer countries
Destek, Mehmet Akif; Manga, Müge; Cengiz, Orhan; Destek, Gamze
Although the socio-economic determinants of terrorism are conducted by many researchers using different samples and time spans, the impact of renewable energy consumption on terrorism has been ignored for a long time. To bridge the gap, this paper aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy consumption on terrorism regarding economic growth, non-renewable energy consumption, and income inequality over the period straddling 1990 and 2019 for a panel of the USA, China, India, Iran, Germany, and Russia. We employ the CUP-FM and CUP-BC estimators to reveal the long-run relationship between variables. The empirical findings suggest that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on terrorism. A 1% increase in renewable energy consumption decreases terrorism by 0.315% and 0.631%, according to the CUP-FM and CUP-BC estimators, respectively. Economic growth also has a negative impact on terrorism, whereas non-renewable energy consumption and income inequality positively affect terrorism. Our empirical findings highlighted that renewable energy consumption and economic growth are crucial for combating terrorism in these countries. Therefore, these countries need to improve comprehensive policies in terms of renewable energy consumption and simultaneously decrease non-renewable energy consumption and income inequality.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2022Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on exports: new evidence from selected European Union countries and Turkey
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
The COVID-19 pandemic, a new type of coronavirus that the world faced, broke out at the end of 2019 causing numerous impacts on all countries. Particularly the European Union (EU) countries were notably affected by COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and stringency policies. Furthermore, although Turkey was successful in combating many areas of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the EU countries, its international trade was affected. This paper empirically investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected EU countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Czechia) and Turkey’s exports with monthly panel data analyses over the March 2020–December 2021 period. The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic had negative impacts on exports in the EU and Turkey. For example, a 1% increase in COVID-19 stringency reduced exports by 0.102%, and a 1% increase in total COVID-19 cases caused a decline in exports of 1.620%. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test results show a two-way causality relationship between COVID-19 cases and export levels. In addition, unidirectional causality linkage exists from the COVID-19 stringency index. Therefore, causality test results confirm an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exports during the stringency measures and lockdowns.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019Testing the Effects of Innovation with Empirical Analysis in the Context of Middle Income Trap Strategy
Manga, Müge; Bal, Harun
This study aims to measure the effect of innovation to avoid the middle income trap. In this framework, we divided countries into two groups following the work of Robertson and Ye (2013): countries in middle income trap (MIT- Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia and Turkey) and countries avoid the middle income trap (NMIT- South Korea, Portugal, Singapore and Greece). The relationship between "Calculated Innovation Index (HII)" calculated by PCA method and consisting of 27 different innovation indicators and economic growth examined employing Second Generation Panel Data Method. The results show that NMIT countries are more affected by HII than countries in MIT.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2019The Causal Relationship Between Air Transportation Liberalization and Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey
Gümüş Akar, Pınar; Manga, Müge; Bal, Harun
This paper investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and air transportation liberalization expressed with gradual removal of restrictions related to destination, designation, frequency, capacity and price tariffs in Turkey. In the first step of the analysis, according to WTO-ALI methodology Aviation Liberalization Index computed for the period of 1980-2015 for Turkey. The causal relationship between Air Liberalization Index and GDP per capita utilized based on the Leveraged Bootstrap approach developed by Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006). The results show that there is a positive unidirectional causal relationship between air liberalisation index and GDP per capita in the years of 2005, 2008, and 2015.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2018Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bdt ülkeleri örneği
Manga, Müge; Balli, Esra; Güney, Çıler Sıgeze
Enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ekonomik büyüme üzerinde enerjitüketiminin rolü hakkında bilgi vermesi ve politika yapıcılarının enerji politikaları oluşturabilmeleri açısındanoldukça büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Ermenistan, Azerbaycan, Gürcistan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan,Moldova, Beyaz Rusya, Rusya, Türkmenistan, Tacikistan, Ukrayna ve Özbekistan’dan oluşan Bağımsız DevletlerTopluluğu (BDT)’ndaki enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki 1992-2013 yılları esas alınarakpanel Düzeltilmiş En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi (FMOLS) ve Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel nedensellik testi ileanaliz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, mevcut yıllarda BDT ülkelerinde enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyümearasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında BDT’ye üye ülkelerin doğalkaynak zenginlikleri önemli ölçüde farklılık göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda, politika yapıcılarının etkinekonomik ve çevresel politikalar oluşturabilmeleri için ekonomik büyüme ile enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkininboyutu hakkında bilgi edinmeleri önem kazanmaktadır.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2013Turkey's dependence on electricity consumption and efficiency: Elasticity and var analysis
Bekmez, Selahattin; Manga, Müge
Electricity consumption is increased every passing day by increased technological advances, population and welfare with the influence of industrialization and globalization. While the electricity consumption in 2009 was at the level of 194 billion kWh with 2 % fall; it became 210 billion kWh in 2010 in Turkey. In 2011, electricity consumption rose to the level of 229, 3 billion kWh. The electricity consumption in the next ten year period is expected to increase by 7,5 % . It is also expected that the share of electricity sector in Turkish economy, which was only 2,5 % in 2010, would be 7 % by the year of 2018. In this study, first of all price and income elasticity of electricity consumption have been calculated for the years between 1980 and 2011. As dependent variable, the electricity consumption (gWh) has been used while electricity price (TL), population and GDP have been used as independent variables. The data have been obtained from Turkey Statistical Institute, Turkey Electricity Transmission Corporation, Eurostat and the World Bank. The elasticity analysis showed that Turkish economy has lower price and income elasticity. In the second part of the analysis Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model has been applied, in order to find short and long term relationship between the variables.
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