Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- Book ChapterYalnız künye2025Analyzing the dynamic relationship between financial development, financial inclusion, and institutional quality in developing countries
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Muge
This paper examines the effect of financial inclusion and institutional quality on financial development in MINT countries from 2004 to 2020. We composed the financial inclusion index using different sub-indicators through principal component analysis. We also included political stability in the model to measure institutional quality. The AMG results suggest that financial inclusion positively impacts financial development in all MINT countries, while political stability is not statistically significant. Additionally, the D-H causality results show a bidirectional causality linkage between financial development and financial inclusion, financial development and economic growth, and unidirectional relationships from financial development to political stability and total population. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of financial inclusion in promoting financial development in MINT countries.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024Does economic globalization trigger de-industrialization in Western Balkan countries? Empirical evidence based on augmented mean group estimator
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
Integration into the global economy can cause shifts in industries and decrease the industrial sector's share. Deindustrialization, which refers to declining industry share, is commonly observed in developed countries. However, many developing countries have also experienced deindustrialization without attaining a high economic level in the era of globalization. Since transitioning to a market economy and integrating with the European Union (EU), deindustrialization has become a significant issue for Western Balkan countries. Thus, our paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on the deindustrialization process in five Western Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia by using panel data spanning 2000–2019. Our study involved the creation of two models utilizing the augmented mean group (AMG) estimation method to ensure precise results. Our research shows that in model I, the economic globalization index, economic growth, capital investment, and the rule of law positively impact industry employment share. In model II, trade openness and economic growth positively affect manufacturing value-added; however, capital investment and the rule of law have a negative impact. Our findings indicate that economic globalization promotes industrialization in the Western Balkans instead of leading to deindustrialization. The panel causality results from Dumitrescu–Hurlin indicate that in model I, there is a one-way causal relationship going from economic globalization and capital investment to the share of industry employment. In model II, the causal relationship goes from economic growth and the rule of law to manufacturing value-added, from manufacturing value-added to trade openness and capital investment.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2024The Influence of Financial Development on Wealth Inequality in Capitalism: Fresh Evidence From Emerging Countries
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
Our study focuses on how financial development (FD) affects wealth inequality (WI) in ten emerging countries from 1995 to 2020. These countries include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Türkiye. We analyzed the impact of economic growth (EG) and trade openness (TO) on WI using the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator. Our research showed that FD leads to an increase in WI among panel groups, particularly in Brazil, China, Mexico, and the Philippines. Additionally, EG and TO have a positive effect on WI for panel samples. We also found a two-way causality relationship between FD and WI, EG and WI, and WI and TO. Our paper concludes with a policy recommendation that government intervention is crucial in ensuring that lower-income individuals have equal access to financial assets.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2023Is export quality a viable option for sustainable development paths of Asian countries?
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan; Destek, Mehmet Akif
This paper investigates the role of export quality in climate action goal of the sustainable development goals in emerging Asian countries. For this purpose, the empirical model that observes the impact of real GDP, energy use and export quality index on carbon emissions is constructed and is analyzed by ARDL bounds testing approach for the period from 1970 to 2014. We also include the square of real GDP as independent variable to observe the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis which implies the parabolic relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The findings show that increase in export quality leads to a fall in CO2 emissions for China and India. In contrast, the effect of increasing export quality increases CO2 emissions in Thailand and the Philippines. Lastly, our asymmetric causality results show that the positive shocks of export quality causes positive shocks of CO2 emissions in Thailand and Indonesia. Furthermore, we found that positive export quality shocks cause negative CO2 emissions shocks in India while negative export quality shocks cause positive CO2 emissions shocks in China. We also confirm the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China and Thailand.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2023Towards A Political Economy of Renewable Energy: Does Democracy and Globalization Matter for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs); [W kierunku ekonomii politycznej energii odnawialnej: czy demokracja i globalizacja mają znaczenie dla krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (CEEC)]
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
Renewable energy policy is one of the remarkable parts of the sustainable development path. However, the polit-ical-economic dimension of renewable energy policies is not so much widely discussed. Besides, democracy and globalization are essential factors affecting renewable energy. Hence, this paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption, democracy, and globalization in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) during the period 1995-2021. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are used as control variables in the model. The study employs the panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) estimation technique to quantify the relation-ship between renewable energy consumption, democracy, and globalization by including economic growth and CO2 emissions. The findings from the PVAR analysis suggest that participatory democracy and globalization pos-itively affect renewable energy consumption, while liberal democracy, economic growth, and CO2 emissions have a negative impact on it. Furthermore, the PVAR Granger causality test outcomes indicate an interactive causal relationship between variables.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2023Militarization of NATO countries sparks climate change? Investigating the moderating role of technological progress and financial development
Pata, Ugur Korkut; Destek, Mehmet Akif; Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
This study evaluates the effects of military expenditures (MEX) on environmental pollution, as well as the moderating role of factors such as financial development and technological progress for 15 NATO member countries under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Using the CS-ARDL estimator, the study analyzes the effects of MEX, income, energy consumption, financial development, and technical progress on carbon emissions spanning the period from 1991 to 2018. Additionally, interaction terms are employed to regularize the moderating effects of financial development and technical advancement. The results show that income, energy consumption, and MEX all contribute to a rise in emissions. It is also found that the financial sector does not eradicate the detrimental ramifications of MEX on the environment, but that technological progress has a moderating effect. A 1% increase in the interaction of technological progress with the military sector reduces environmental degradation by 0.36, but a 1% augment in the interaction of the financial sector with the military sector increases carbon emissions by 0.41%. For this reason, it is imperative to evaluate and revise the financing of MEX of NATO countries from an environmental perspective for sustainable development. Furthermore, as long-run income elasticity in NATO countries is lower than the short-run one, the EKC hypothesis is valid. Based on the overall findings, the study suggests that NATO allies should incorporate the benefits of income growth and technological development into their environmental policies to offset the negative effects of MEX.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2022Türki Cumhuriyetlerde Küreselleşmenin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerindeki Rolü
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Son kırk yıldır dünyaya egemen olan küreselleşmenin devletin ekonomik rolleri üzerinde yarattığı etkiler dikkate alındığında bu alanda çok farklı fikir akımlarının ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Özellikle refah devleti anlayışına neoliberal modeller eleştirel yaklaşırken, diğer uçtaki görüşler küreselleşmeyle birlikte bireylerin maruz kaldığı dışsal risklerin artması nedeniyle devletin sosyal refah harcamalarının da artacağını öngörmektedir. Bu doğrultuda sosyal refah devletinin küreselleşme ile ilişkilendirildiği tematik alanlardan birisi sağlık harcamaları olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla ülkelerin birbiriyle entegrasyon sürecindeki artıştan sağlık harcamalarının nasıl etkilendiği konusu ayrı bir önem kazanmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmada, 2000-2016 dönemi verileri kullanılarak Türkiye, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan, Türkmenistan ve Özbekistan’dan oluşan Türki Cumhuriyetlerde ekonomik, sosyal ve politik küreselleşmenin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Panel ARDL yöntemiyle yapılan analiz sonucunda, ekonomik ve sosyal küreselleşmenin sağlık harcamalarını artırdığı, politik küreselleşmenin ise azalttığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2022IS THERE ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEOPOLITICAL RISK AND CLIMATE CHANGE?
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Muge
Purpose: The aim of this study is to point out the impact of geopolitical risk on climate change. The CO2 emissions per capita is used as a proxy for climate change. Methodology: In this study, the data sample covers annual data from 1990 to 2015 for 12 selected Latin American and Asian countries. After standard preliminary tests (Cross-sectional dependence tests, CIPS unit root test, and slope homogeneity test), we employ the second-generation estimator - the AMG (Augmented Mean Group) method to explore the long-run relationship between geopolitical risk and CO2 emissions per capita. Results: The AMG findings document that a 1% rise in geopolitical risk escalates CO2 emissions per capita by 0.001%. In addition, economic growth and fossil energy consumption foster CO2 emissions per capita, whereas renewable energy contributes to decreasing CO2 emissions per capita. Conclusion: In recent years, scholars have attempted to explore the impact of geopolitical risk on environmental degradation. According to our results, in Latin American and Asian countries, decreasing geopolitical risk and conflict can impede environmental degradation. In the long run, a robust clean energy policy should be considered in case of geopolitical conflict by the government. Besides, the government should focus on renewable energy policy and substitute non-renewable energy resources with more technology-intensive resources.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2022Investigating the potential of renewable energy in establishing global peace: Fresh evidence from top energy consumer countries
Destek, Mehmet Akif; Manga, Müge; Cengiz, Orhan; Destek, Gamze
Although the socio-economic determinants of terrorism are conducted by many researchers using different samples and time spans, the impact of renewable energy consumption on terrorism has been ignored for a long time. To bridge the gap, this paper aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy consumption on terrorism regarding economic growth, non-renewable energy consumption, and income inequality over the period straddling 1990 and 2019 for a panel of the USA, China, India, Iran, Germany, and Russia. We employ the CUP-FM and CUP-BC estimators to reveal the long-run relationship between variables. The empirical findings suggest that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on terrorism. A 1% increase in renewable energy consumption decreases terrorism by 0.315% and 0.631%, according to the CUP-FM and CUP-BC estimators, respectively. Economic growth also has a negative impact on terrorism, whereas non-renewable energy consumption and income inequality positively affect terrorism. Our empirical findings highlighted that renewable energy consumption and economic growth are crucial for combating terrorism in these countries. Therefore, these countries need to improve comprehensive policies in terms of renewable energy consumption and simultaneously decrease non-renewable energy consumption and income inequality.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2022Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on exports: new evidence from selected European Union countries and Turkey
Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge
The COVID-19 pandemic, a new type of coronavirus that the world faced, broke out at the end of 2019 causing numerous impacts on all countries. Particularly the European Union (EU) countries were notably affected by COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and stringency policies. Furthermore, although Turkey was successful in combating many areas of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the EU countries, its international trade was affected. This paper empirically investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected EU countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Czechia) and Turkey’s exports with monthly panel data analyses over the March 2020–December 2021 period. The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic had negative impacts on exports in the EU and Turkey. For example, a 1% increase in COVID-19 stringency reduced exports by 0.102%, and a 1% increase in total COVID-19 cases caused a decline in exports of 1.620%. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test results show a two-way causality relationship between COVID-19 cases and export levels. In addition, unidirectional causality linkage exists from the COVID-19 stringency index. Therefore, causality test results confirm an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exports during the stringency measures and lockdowns.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2021Küreselleşme ve Kamu Sektörü İstihdamı: Orta Gelirli Ülkeler Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Küreselleşmenin kamu sektörü büyüklüğü üzerindeki etkisi verimlilik hipotezi ve telafi hipotezi çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, küreselleşmenin kamu sektörü istihdamı kanalıyla kamu sektörü büyüklüğüne etkisi incelenmiştir. 2000-2014 periyodu verileriyle orta gelirli 14 ülke için yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre küreselleşme, kamu sektörü istihdamıyla negatif ilişkilidir. Diğer ifadeyle dışa açıklık arttıkça kamu sektörünün küçüleceğini öngören verimlilik hipotezini destekleyen bulgular elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan nedensellik testi bulguları, Bolivya, Brezilya, Honduras, Pakistan ve Peru’da küreselleşmeden kamu sektörü istihdamına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2021Economic and Institutional Determinants of Political Stability in Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
This study aims to examine the effects of economic performance and institutional factors on political stability in countries governed by presidential and parliamentary systems, which are types of political systems. Considering Persson & Tabellini’s (2003) political system classification, it has analyzed the relationship between political stability and economic performance, institutional factors, using the ARDL method over the period 2002-2017 for selected countries. According to the results, there is a positive relationship between economic growth, the rule of law, and political stability in presidential systems in the short run. There is a positive relationship between inflation and political stability and a negative relationship between freedom of expression and political stability in parliamentary systems. In the long run, in presidential systems, economic growth, inflation, the quality of regulatory reforms, freedom of expression are positively correlated with political stability; the rule of law and public expenditures are negatively correlated with political stability. In parliamentary systems, while economic growth, the rule of law, quality of regulatory reforms, freedom of expression are positively correlated with political stability, there is a negative correlation between inflation, corruption, public expenditures, and political stability.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2021THE CAUSAL LINKAGES between RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION,\rECONOMIC GROWTH, OIL PRICES and CO2 EMISSIONS in SELECTED OECD\rCOUNTRIES
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Purpose: It is aimed to examine the relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption (REN),\rEconomic Growth (GDP), Oil Prices (OP), and CO2 emissions (CO2) in selected OECD countries by using\rthe data for the period 1980-2014.\rMethodology: In the study, Kónya Panel Bootstrap causality method is utilized to determine the relationship\rbetween variables.\rFindings: Firstly, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between REN and CO2 for Canada and\rItaly; there is a one-way linkage from REN to CO2 in Greece and Ireland, while there is unidirectional causality\rfrom CO2 to REN in Austria, Switzerland, and United States. Secondly, there exists a bidirectional causality\rrelationship between the REN and GDP in Italy. In contrast, there is a one-way causality linkage from GDP\rto REN in Switzerland and Belgium and from REN to GDP in the Netherlands. Thirdly, it is found that there\ris a bidirectional causality relationship between REN and OP in the United States; there is a one-way\rcausality linkage from OP to REN in Austria, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland, from REN to\rOP in Japan.\rOriginality: The study has originality in that it examines the relationship among the variables for the\rselected OECD countries and through Kónya causality method.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2021Ekonomik Karmaşıklık Gelir Eşitsizliğini Azaltır Mı? Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Ülkelerin küresel rekabet gücünü artırabilmeleri için bilgi ve teknoloji-yoğunluklu ürünlerin üretilmesi hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Birincil ürünler yerine daha karmaşık üretim süreci gerektiren mal ve hizmetlerin üretilmesi, yarattığı katma değere bağlı olarak ülke ekonomisinde önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Bunun yanında teknoloji-yoğun üretim, nitelikli işgücü gerektirdiği için ekonomik yapıyla beraber kurumsal yapıyı da etkilemektedir. Bu yapı içerisinde insani gelişim açısından adil gelir dağılımı en temel koşulların başında gelmektedir. Üretimdeki bilgi ve teknoloji yoğunluğunu ölçen ekonomik karmaşıklık, ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilemekle birlikte gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde de bazı sonuçlara yol açmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, Türkiye ekonomisi için 1987-2017 dönemine ait veri seti ile gelir eşitsizliği, ekonomik karmaşıklık ve dışa açıklık göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkinin FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR tahmincileri ile test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kurulan ilk modelde ekonomik karmaşıklık, ekonomik büyüme ve beşeri sermayenin gelir eşitsizliğini azalttığı, nüfusun ise artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İkinci modelin sonuçlarına göre doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar gelir eşitsizliğini artırmakta, ticari açıklık ise azaltmaktadır.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2020The nexus between population structure and inflation in turkey
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Nowadays, inflation is one of the most important source of economic stability. The studies on determinants of inflation mainly focus on variables such as economic growth, exchange rate, budget balance, monetary expansion and income inequality. Recently, the literature that emphasizes the impact of population structure which is one of the socio-economic factors on inflation has came into prominence. Especially in developed countries, the deflationary process has started to associate with increase in the share of elderly population. Analyzing this assumed interaction in the context of developing countries also leads to develop the new aspects. In this study, impact of population structure on inflation was investigated for Turkey that has strived with the inflation for a long time, by using the data for the period 1980 and 2017. According to the findings, while the dependent young population affects inflation positively, dependent elderly population affects negatively. Bootstrap Rolling Window causality test results show that there is a two-way relationship between inflation and dependent elderly population, inflation and economic growth, inflation and money supply, and a oneway relationship from dependent young population to inflation.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleYalnız künye2020Küreselleşme ve savunma harcamalarıarasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Küreselleşme olgusunun politik iktisat alanındaki yansımalarından biri de güvenlik algısı ve buna bağlı olarak savunma harcamaları üzerinde ortaya çıkan etkisidir. Küreselleşmenin doğurduğu refah etkisi ve fırsat maliyeti avantajları nedeniyle ülkeler arasındaki çatışmaların azalacağı, dolayısıyla savunma harcamalarının düşeceği yaklaşımına karşılık, küreselleşme sürecinin ulus-devletlerin güvenlik algılarını negatif yönde etkilemesine bağlı olarak savunma harcamalarında daha yüksek artışlar görüleceği şeklinde çeşitli görüşler söz konusudur. Bu bağlamda 2017 yılında en yüksek KOF küreselleşme endeksine sahip 25 ülke için 1995-2017 dönemi verileri kullanılarak ekonomik, politik ve sosyal küreselleşme ile savunma harcamaları arasındaki ilişki analiz edilmiştir. Panel grubu için elde edilen panel AMG sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyüme ve politik küreselleşme savunma harcamalarını artırırken ekonomik küreselleşme savunma harcamalarını azaltmaktadır. Sosyal küreselleşme ise savunma harcamaları üzerinde herhangi bir etkiye sahip değildir. Ayrıca, ülke özelindeki bulgular incelendiğinde değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmektedir. Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi bulguları ise ekonomik büyümeden savunma harcamalarına, savunma harcamalarından ekonomik küreselleşme ve sosyal küreselleşmeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2020Globalization based approach to environmental kuznets hypothesis: the case of turkic republics
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
Recently, the interest in the problems caused by growth-oriented policy implications which are at the center of macroeconomic policies has increased gradually. Revealing the background dynamics of this interest that is increasing due to both economic and political, social and cultural factors, is impossible to discuss without taking the effects of the phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, together with the globalization that has permeated to all strata of society since the end of the 20th century, the literature which emphasises changing of environmental balance has become prominent. In this context, it he study, environmental Kuznets hypothesis is tested by taking economic, political and social globalization indicators into account for Turkic Republics that compose of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, with panel ARDL methods for 1991-2014 period. The results show that the negative impact of the economic growth on carbon emission arises the per capita income level of nearly $2,830, and after that there is a N-shaped relationship between them. In addition, the findings reveal that political and social globalization reduce carbon emissions while it increases economic globalization and energy use.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2020The empirical findings for the relationship between globalization and human capital in brics-t countries
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
In developing countries, opportunities and risks have created by globalization have a broad scope that can be evaluated in different dimensions. When considering in the context of liberalization trends that brought by neoliberal globalization over the past three decades, the mobility of trade, capital and labor have also been closely affect the human development. In today’s changing world, while individuals’ demand for the development of human capital factors such as education, health and culture increase, skilled labor demand of multinational companies also rises. This relationship between human capital and globalization has examined for the BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) that realize important breakthrough in the global economy. According to the Kónya (2006)’s causality test results using the data covering for the period between 1992 and 2017, it was obtained that there is a feedback causality relationship between globalization and human capital in South Africa and there exists a one way causality running from globalization to human capital in Russia and China.
RDL Kalıcı Kaydıİncele - ArticleAçık Erişim2020Küreselleşme ve Kamu Harcamaları Bileşenleri Arasındaki İlişki: AB Ülkeleri Örneği
Manga, Muge; Cengiz, Orhan
1980’lerden itibaren devletin ekonomideki payının azaltılması ve piyasa mekanizmasına işlerlik kazandırılması amacıyla özelleştirmelere hız verilmiştir. Küreselleşme bir yandan, ülkeleri kamu sektörünün payını azaltma ve piyasaları genişletme seçeneği ile karşı karşıya bırakırken diğer taraftan küreselleşmeye uyum sağlamak amacıyla vergi rekabeti başta olmak üzere ekonomik ve mali alanda yapılan serbestleştirici politikalar kamu bütçesine önemli yükler getirmekte ve kamu harcamalarının kompozisyonunu önemli derecede etkilemektedir. Bu düşünceden hareketle 28 AB ülkesi için küreselleşmenin kamu harcamalarının alt bileşenleri olan genel kamu hizmetleri, savunma harcamaları, kamu düzeni ve güvenlik, eğitim, sağlık ve sosyal koruma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Panel ARDL yönetimi kullanılarak 2001-2017 dönemi verileriyle yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre küreselleşme, kamu düzeni ve güvenlik, eğitim, sağlık ve sosyal koruma harcamalarını pozitif yönde etkilerken genel kamu hizmetleri ve savunma harcamalarını ise negatif yönde etkilemektedir.
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