Orbital circuit elements table: A novel approach to elementary circuit elements

Fundamental passive circuit elements are indispensable to any circuit design. Two models have been proposed in the literature to define conventional circuit elements. This paper introduces a novel model, orbital circuit elements table, that defines these circuit elements by using trigonometric functions. Especially, relationships between the elements and their behavior under sinusoidal input voltage are presented. The model categorizes circuit elements into linear and non-linear groups, with the first orbit encompassing four fundamental elements and the subsequent orbits representing higher-order, non-linear elements. Thus, a technique was presented on how to move from one orbit to another. Thanks to the presented model the fundamental characteristics of unknown circuit elements can be found easily. Finally, the model provides a fundamental framework for designing emulator circuits. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.